| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| V-block | V型塊 |
A block having a 90° V-shaped recess; used in a workshop to hold round workpieces. 具有90°V形凹槽的塊體；在車間里用來裝圓形工件。 |
| Forge | 鍛造 |
To shape metal while holt and plastic by a hammering or forcing process. Dies used in process. 通過錘擊或強(qiáng)制過程使金屬成型，同時保持塑料成型。過程會使用模具。 |
| Pneumatic control valve | 氣動控制閥 |
(pneumatic valve) A valve in which the position of the valve stem, which varies the open area, is determined by the net force generated by compressed air acting on a diaphragm operating against the force of a compression spring. Depending upon the arrangement of the spring, in the event of air-supply failure, the valve may open or close. （氣動閥）一種閥門，其中閥桿的位置隨開口面積的變化而變化，由壓縮空氣作用在隔膜上產(chǎn)生的凈力決定，隔膜克服壓縮彈簧的力進(jìn)行操作。根據(jù)彈簧的布置，在供氣故障的情況下，閥門可以打開或關(guān)閉。 |
| Gibbs–Dalton law | 吉布斯-道爾頓定律 |
An extension of Dalton’s law of additive pressures to include the statement that the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies the individual constituents would have if each existed alone at the same temperature and volume. Gibbs rule is that part of the law pertaining to entropy. 道爾頓附加壓力定律的擴(kuò)展，包括以下陳述：氣體混合物的內(nèi)能、焓和熵等于各個成分單獨存在時的內(nèi)能、焓和熵之和。相同的溫度和體積。吉布斯定律是與熵有關(guān)的定律的一部分。 |
| Normalizing | 正火 |
Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range. 將鐵合金加熱至高于轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的合適溫度，然后在空氣中冷卻至基本低于轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的溫度。 |
| Gage length | 標(biāo)距 |
The original length of the portion of a specimen over which strain, change of length, or other characteristics are determined. 確定應(yīng)變、長度變化或其他特性的試樣部分的原始長度。 |
| Gauge pressure (Unit Pa) | 表壓（單位Pa） |
The level of static pressure above the ambient pressure. 高于環(huán)境壓力的靜壓水平。 |
| Breaking stress | 斷裂應(yīng)力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as rupture stress. 失效時的應(yīng)力。也稱為破裂應(yīng)力。 |
| Zone melting (zone refining) | 區(qū)域熔煉（區(qū)域精煉） |
A process of purification of materials in which a narrow molten zone is moved along the length of the material, resulting in impurities being segregated at one end. 一種凈化材料的過程，其中一個狹窄的熔融區(qū)沿材料長度移動，導(dǎo)致雜質(zhì)在一端分離。 |
| Bearing yield strength | 軸承屈服強(qiáng)度 |
The bearing stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of bearing stress to bearing strain in a bearing test. 在軸承測試中，材料在軸承應(yīng)力與軸承應(yīng)變的比例之間表現(xiàn)出特定的極限偏差時的軸承應(yīng)力。 |
| Shim | 墊片 |
A thin piece of material, such as metal of accurately-known thickness, placed between two surfaces to ensure they are the correct distance apart. A thin piece of material placed between two surfaces to obtain a proper fit, adjustment, or alignment. The piece can also be analyzed to measure furnace carbon potential (that is, because while in the furnace it will quickly carburize to a level equal to the furnace carbon potential). 一塊薄的材料，如厚度精確已知的金屬，放置在兩個表面之間，以確保它們之間的距離正確。放置在兩個表面之間以獲得適當(dāng)配合、調(diào)整或?qū)R的一塊薄材料。還可以對工件進(jìn)行分析，以測量熔爐碳勢（也就是說，在熔爐中，工件將快速滲碳至與熔爐碳勢能相等的水平）。 |
| Inspection gauge | 檢驗規(guī) |
Any of various gauges used in manufacturing and quality control to check dimensions, finish, etc. 任何用于制造和質(zhì)量控制的各種量規(guī)，以檢查尺寸、光潔度等。 |
| Rockwell hardness test | 洛氏硬度測試 |
An indentation-hardness test using a calibrated machine that utilizes the depth of indentation, under constant load, as a measure of hardness. A direct-reading hardness test based on depth of indentation, in which a minor load (typically 30 to 100 N) is applied before the major load (typically 120 to 1 500 N). There are different scales using conical or spherical indenters for different ranges of hardness. An indentation hardness test based on the depth of penetration of a specified penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions. 使用校準(zhǔn)機(jī)器進(jìn)行的壓痕硬度測試，該機(jī)器利用恒定載荷下的壓痕深度作為硬度測量值。一種基于壓痕深度的直讀硬度測試，其中在主要載荷（通常為120至1500N）之前施加較小載荷（通常是30至100N）。對于不同的硬度范圍，使用錐形或球形壓頭有不同的刻度。在某些任意固定條件下，基于指定穿透器穿透試樣深度的壓痕硬度試驗。 |
| Friction loss (Unit J) | 摩擦損失（單位J） |
The conversion of mechanical energy to heat due to friction within a machine, mechanism, linkage, etc. 由于機(jī)器、機(jī)構(gòu)、連桿等內(nèi)部的摩擦而將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。 |
| Abrasion | 磨損 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通過硬質(zhì)顆粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂紙、研磨清潔、研磨加工），也可以是操作的結(jié)果（磨損）。 |
| Neutralization number | 中和值 |
An ASTM number given to quenching oils that reflects the oil’s tendency towards oxidation and sludging. 淬火油的ASTM編號，反映了油的氧化和成泥趨勢。 |
| Tension | 拉伸 |
The force or load that produces elongation. 1. The condition in a bar, belt, cable, spring, string, wire, etc. that is being pulled from either end. 2. (tensile force) (unit N) The force associated with tension as in (1). It is measured by a tension meter. 伸長力產(chǎn)生伸長的力或載荷。1.從兩端拉出的桿、帶、電纜、彈簧、線、線等的狀態(tài)。2.（張力）（單位N）與張力相關(guān)的力。 |
| Elastic deformation | 彈性變形 |
A change in dimensions directly proportional to and in phase with an increase or decrease in applied force. 尺寸的變化與施加的力的增加或減少成正比并同相。 |
| Tightness | 緊密度 |
A measure of the mass leak rate from a gasketed joint. 墊圈接頭質(zhì)量泄漏率的測量值。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 帶腰柄的緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄徑ds |
| Heat-capacity ratio (c*) | 熱容量比（c*） |
A non-dimensional parameter that arises in the analysis of heat exchangers, defined as the ratio cMIN/cMAX?where cMIN?is the heat-capacity rate c for the fluid with the smaller value of c and cMAX?the value for the fluid with the larger value of c. Different flow rates and specific-heat values give rise to different values for c. 熱交換器分析中出現(xiàn)的無量綱參數(shù)，定義為比率cMIN/cMAX其中cMIN是流體的熱容率c，c值較小，cMAX是流體的值具有較大的c值。不同的流速和比熱值產(chǎn)生不同的c值。 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 熱膨脹系數(shù) |
(1) Change in unit of length (or volume) accompanying a unit change of temperature, at a specified temperature. (2) The linear or volume expansion of a given material per degree rise of temperature, expressed at an arbitrary base temperature or as a more complicated equation applicable to a wide range. （1） 單位長度（或體積）隨溫度單位變化的變化。（2） 給定材料每上升一度的線性或體積膨脹，在任意基礎(chǔ)溫度下表示，或作為適用于寬范圍的更復(fù)雜方程表示。 |
| Relaxation rate | 松弛率 |
The absolute value of the slope of a stress-relaxation curve at a given time. 給定時間應(yīng)力松弛曲線斜率的絕對值。 |
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 試驗機(jī)（負(fù)載測量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向試樣施加載荷（力）的機(jī)械裝置。 |
| Weight (W) (Unit N) | 重量（W）（單位：N） |
The force of attraction on a body due to gravity. A body’s weight is the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength at that point. Mass remains constant, but weight depends on the object’s position on the Earth’s surface, decreasing with increasing altitude. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a mass m is given by W = mg. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s2, so that the weight of a 1 kg mass is 9.81 N. More generally, the weight is the force exerted on the mass of a body when in the gravitational field of another body. 重力由于重力作用在物體上的吸引力。物體的重量是其質(zhì)量和該點引力場強(qiáng)度的乘積。質(zhì)量保持不變，但重量取決于物體在地球表面的位置，隨著海拔的升高而減小。如果g是重力引起的加速度，則質(zhì)量m的重量由W=mg給出。在地球上，重力引起的加速度約為9.81m/s2，因此1千克質(zhì)量的重量為9.81N。更一般地說，重量是在另一個物體的重力場中施加在物體質(zhì)量上的力。 |
| Lock-nut pipe thread | 鎖緊螺母管螺紋 |
The lock-nut pipe thread is a straight thread of the largest diameter which can be cut on a pipe. Its form is identical with that of the American or Briggs standard taper pipe thread. In general, “Go” gages only are required. These consist of a straight-threaded plug representing the minimum female lock-nut thread, and a straight-threaded ring representing the maximum male lock-nut thread. This thread is used only to hold parts together, or to retain a collar on the pipe. It is never used where a tight threaded joint is required. 鎖緊螺母管螺紋是最大直徑的直螺紋，可在管道上切割。其形式與美國或布里格斯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)錐管螺紋相同。一般情況下，只需要通規(guī)。它們由一個表示最小內(nèi)螺紋鎖緊螺母螺紋的直螺紋塞和一個表示最大外螺紋鎖緊螺帽螺紋的直形螺紋環(huán)組成。該螺紋僅用于將零件固定在一起，或用于將軸環(huán)固定在管道上。切勿使用于需要緊密螺紋接頭的情況下。 |
| Ablation cooling | 燒蝕冷卻 |
The cooling of a surface exposed to very high external gas temperature which causes the surface material to sublime, melt or decompose. The chemical process absorbs heat while the mass flow of material away from the surface blocks the heat flux from the hot gas. 冷卻暴露于非常高的外部氣體溫度的表面，導(dǎo)致表面材料升華、熔化或分解。化學(xué)過程吸收熱量，而遠(yuǎn)離表面的物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量流阻擋了來自熱氣體的熱通量。 |
| Spray quenching | 噴霧淬火 |
A quenching process using spray nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impingement. 使用噴嘴將水或其他液體噴射到零件上的淬火過程。淬火速率由每單位撞擊時間內(nèi)每單位面積的液體速度和體積控制。 |
| Ball screw and nut | 滾珠絲杠和螺母 |
A nut and bolt assembly having semi-circular helical grooves, as opposed to threads, in which run ball bearings. On rotation of the nut, the balls move along the helix and carry the axial load. Balls reaching the end of the groove are recirculated back to the beginning. Such devices have low friction and very little backlash, and are used in some steering mechanisms. 一種螺母和螺栓組件，具有半圓形螺旋槽，與螺紋相反，在其中運行滾珠軸承。在螺母旋轉(zhuǎn)時，滾珠沿螺旋線移動并承受軸向載荷。到達(dá)凹槽末端的滾珠被循環(huán)回起點。這種裝置具有低摩擦和非常小的背隙，并且用于一些轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中負(fù)荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的區(qū)域上的部件上的載荷，理想化為楔形或刀刃的線載荷和錐體的點載荷。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工變得容易的特性，比如硫賦予鋼的特性，等等。 |
| Gamma iron | 加馬鐵 |
The face-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from 910 to 1400 °C (1670 to 2550 °F). 純鐵的面心立方形式，在910至1400°C（1670 2550°F）溫度范圍內(nèi)穩(wěn)定。 |
| Minute (min) | 分鐘（min） |
A non-SI unit of time. The conversion to SI is 1 min = 60 s. 非SI時間單位。轉(zhuǎn)換為1分鐘=60秒。 |
| Allowable stress design | 許用應(yīng)力設(shè)計 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 結(jié)構(gòu)連接研究委員會為AISC制定的設(shè)計程序。故意低估螺栓和接頭材料的強(qiáng)度，以便在結(jié)構(gòu)鋼接頭的設(shè)計中引入安全系數(shù)。它是最近定義的荷載和阻力系數(shù)設(shè)計程序的替代方法。 |
| Nominal size | 公稱尺寸 |
The intended size of a component. The actual size will depend on manufacturing tolerances. 組件的預(yù)期尺寸。實際尺寸取決于制造公差。 |
| Conditioning heat treatment | 調(diào)質(zhì)熱處理 |
A preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat treatment. For the term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified. 用于制備材料的初步熱處理，以便對隨后的熱處理進(jìn)行所需的反應(yīng)。為了使該術(shù)語有意義，必須指定確切的熱處理。 |
| Pre-stress | 預(yù)應(yīng)力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或結(jié)構(gòu)承受操作載荷之前，將應(yīng)力引入部件或結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Failure | 失效 |
The result when a body, component, or structure is incapable of performing the task for which it was designed. The term is often used without reference to what causes failure, such as fracture, buckling, excessive deformation, wear, or erosion. Failure criteria (failure theories, theories of strength) are mathematical expressions for the combinations of stress, strain, or strain energy at which materials fail, which are employed in design to dimension components. 主體、部件或結(jié)構(gòu)無法執(zhí)行其設(shè)計任務(wù)時的結(jié)果。該術(shù)語通常未提及導(dǎo)致失效的原因，如斷裂、屈曲、過度變形、磨損或侵蝕。失效準(zhǔn)則（失效理論、強(qiáng)度理論）是材料失效時應(yīng)力、應(yīng)變或應(yīng)變能組合的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式，用于部件尺寸設(shè)計。 |
| Compression stroke | 壓縮沖程 |
The stroke in a reciprocating compressor or engine during which the working fluid is compressed. 往復(fù)式壓縮機(jī)或發(fā)動機(jī)中工作流體被壓縮的沖程。 |
| Coherent structure | 相干結(jié)構(gòu) |
A term given to the larger eddies of turbulent shear flow, such as boundary layers, jets, and wakes, that show distinctive correlated patterns of motion. 一個術(shù)語，用于表示湍流剪切流的較大渦流，例如邊界層、射流和尾流，它們顯示出獨特的相關(guān)運動模式。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保護(hù) |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果僅將緊固件與環(huán)境隔離，則據(jù)說緊固件上的涂層可提供屏障保護(hù)。例如，油漆提供屏障保護(hù)。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一個通用術(shù)語，表示一種處理，包括加熱并保持在合適的溫度，然后以合適的速率冷卻，主要用于軟化金屬材料，但也同時產(chǎn)生其他性能或微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的所需變化。 |
| Fastener manufacturer | 緊固件制造商 |
An organization that fabricates raw steel into a fastener meeting specified standards. 將生鋼加工成符合規(guī)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的緊固件的組織。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕變時間關(guān)系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定應(yīng)力下蠕變應(yīng)變與時間之間的代數(shù)或數(shù)值關(guān)系。 |
| Plane stress | 平面應(yīng)力 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which the stress in the thickness direction is zero; most nearly achieved in loading very thin sheet along a direction parallel to the surface of the sheet. Under plane-stress conditions, the plane of fracture instability is inclined 45° to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中厚度方向上的應(yīng)力為零的應(yīng)力條件；在沿著平行于薄片表面的方向加載非常薄的薄片時最接近。在平面應(yīng)力條件下，斷裂失穩(wěn)平面與主拉應(yīng)力軸傾斜45°。 |
| Mole number (N) | 摩爾數(shù)（N） |
The number of moles in a given mass m of a substance, equal to m divided by the molar mass of the substance. 摩爾數(shù)物質(zhì)給定質(zhì)量m中的摩爾數(shù)，等于m除以物質(zhì)的摩爾質(zhì)量。 |
| Combined carbon | 復(fù)合碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present as other than free carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中除游離碳外的部分。 |
| Salt bath heat treatment | 鹽浴熱處理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a bath of molten salt. 在熔融鹽浴中進(jìn)行的熱處理。 |
| GGas turbine | G燃?xì)廨啓C(jī) |
An engine in which air, compressed by a multi-stage axial compressor and/or one or more centrifugal compressors, flows into a combustion chamber (or chambers) where fuel is burned and the hot gases then drive an axial turbine which powers the compressor. 由多級軸流壓縮機(jī)和/或一個或多個離心壓縮機(jī)壓縮的空氣流入燃燒室（或多個燃燒室），在燃燒室中燃燒燃料，然后熱氣體驅(qū)動軸流渦輪，為壓縮機(jī)提供動力。 |
| Coefficient of rolling friction | 滾動摩擦系數(shù) |
The ratio of force parallel to a surface, on which an object rolls, to the normal force. Unlike sliding friction, rolling friction depends on the size of the contact patch and the radius of the rolling element, and the behaviour depends on whether the contact is elastic, viscoelastic, or plastic and on hysteresis losses. 平行于物體滾動表面的力與法向力之比。與滑動摩擦不同，滾動摩擦取決于接觸片的大小和滾動元件的半徑，其行為取決于接觸是彈性的、粘彈性的還是塑性的以及滯后損失。 |
| Mohr–Coulomb fracture criterion | Mohr–Coulomb斷裂準(zhǔn)則 |
A fracture criterion, primarily for brittle materials, according to which failure occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls outside the envelope created by the Mohr’s circles for uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength. 一種斷裂準(zhǔn)則，主要適用于脆性材料，根據(jù)該準(zhǔn)則，當(dāng)材料中某一點的應(yīng)力落在單軸抗拉強(qiáng)度和單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度的莫爾圓所形成的包絡(luò)線之外時，就會發(fā)生斷裂。 |
| Full size body | 全尺寸螺紋桿 |
The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. 螺栓或螺釘?shù)闹黧w，其直徑介于螺紋大徑的最小和最大限制之間。 |
| Heat treatment | 熱處理 |
(heat treating) Alteration of the mechanical properties of materials, particularly metals, by different sequences of heating, holding at temperature, and cooling at different rates. Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired conditions or properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this definition. （熱處理）材料，特別是金屬的機(jī)械性能的改變，通過不同的加熱順序、溫度保持和不同速率的冷卻。加熱和冷卻固體金屬或合金，以獲得所需的條件或性能。僅用于熱加工的加熱不屬于本定義的含義。 |
| Maximum load (Pmax) | 最大負(fù)載（Pmax） |
(1) The load having the highest algebraic value in the load cycle. Tensile loads are considered positive and compressive loads negative. (2)Used to determine the strength of a structural member; the load that can be borne before failure is apparent. （1）負(fù)載循環(huán)中具有最高代數(shù)值的負(fù)載。拉伸荷載視為正荷載，壓縮荷載視為負(fù)荷載。（2）用于確定結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度；失效前可承受的載荷是明顯的。 |
| X-ray thickness gauge | X射線厚度計 |
A device comprising an X-ray source and a detector used to determine the thickness of material in sheet or plate form, including metals, paper, plastics, rubber, and ceramics. 一種由X射線源和探測器組成的裝置，用于測定片狀或平板狀材料的厚度，包括金屬、紙張、塑料、橡膠和陶瓷。 |
| Diesel engine | 柴油發(fā)動機(jī) |
(compression–ignition engine) A piston engine operating on the Diesel cycle in which the air is compressed to a temperature above the autoignition temperature of the fuel and combustion is initiated as the fuel is injected into the hot air. Diesel engines operate at higher compression ratios (typically in the range 12 to 24) than petrol engines. Although named after Rudolf Diesel, the inventor, Diesel engine is often spelled with a lower case d, contrary to normal practice. （壓燃式發(fā)動機(jī)）在柴油循環(huán)中運行的活塞式發(fā)動機(jī)，在該循環(huán)中，空氣被壓縮至高于燃料自燃溫度的溫度，當(dāng)燃料噴射到熱空氣中時，燃燒開始。柴油發(fā)動機(jī)在比汽油發(fā)動機(jī)更高的壓縮比下運行（通常在12到24的范圍內(nèi)）。雖然以發(fā)明人魯?shù)婪颉さ先麪柮先麪柊l(fā)動機(jī)通常拼寫為小寫d，這與正常做法相反。 |
| Nut factor | 螺母系數(shù) |
An experimental constant used to evaluate or describe the ratio between the torque applied to a fastener and the Preload achieved as a result. 用于評估或描述施加在緊固件上的扭矩與由此獲得的預(yù)載之間的比率的實驗常數(shù)。 |
| Toughening mechanisms | 增韌機(jī)理 |
Various methods of increasing the resistance to crack initiation and propagation in materials. They include transformation toughening, in which the microstructure around the crack tip alters so as to slow down or arrest cracks; deflexion of cracks; various ways of de-sharpening crack tips; fibre bridging of cracks; and fibre pull-out. 增加材料中裂紋萌生和擴(kuò)展阻力的各種方法。它們包括相變增韌，其中裂紋尖端周圍的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化，以減緩或阻止裂紋；裂紋偏轉(zhuǎn)；消除裂紋尖端銳化的各種方法；纖維橋接裂紋；和纖維拉出。 |
| Hot quenching | 熱淬火 |
An imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching procedures in which a quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 70 °C (160 °F) 一個不精確的術(shù)語，用于涵蓋各種淬火程序，其中淬火介質(zhì)規(guī)定溫度保持在70°C（160°F）以上。 |
| Design code | 設(shè)計規(guī)范 |
(design standard) A standard or specification for any aspect of engineering design, issued by national organizations such as ANSI, ASME, BSI, DIN, and ISO. （設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）工程設(shè)計任何方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或規(guī)范，由ANSI、ASME、BSI、DIN和ISO等國家組織發(fā)布。 |
| Cooling stresses | 冷卻應(yīng)力 |
Residual stresses resulting from nonuniform distribution of temperature during cooling. 冷卻過程中溫度分布不均勻?qū)е碌臍堄鄳?yīng)力。 |
| Strain gage | 應(yīng)變計 |
A device for measuring small amounts of strain produced during tensile and similar tests on metal. A coil of fine wire is mounted on a piece of paper, plastic, or similar carrier matrix (backing material), which is rectangular in shape and usually about 25 mm (1.0 in.) long. This is glued to a portion of metal under test. As the coil extends with the specimen, its electrical resistance increases in direct proportion. This is known as bonded resistance-strain gage. Other types of gages measure the actual deformation. Mechanical, optical, or electronic devices are sometimes used to magnify the strain for easier reading. 一種測量金屬拉伸和類似試驗中產(chǎn)生的少量應(yīng)變的裝置。將一卷細(xì)線安裝在一張紙、塑料或類似載體基質(zhì)（背襯材料）上，該載體基質(zhì)呈矩形，通常約25mm（1.0in.）長，這是粘在測試金屬的一部分。隨著線圈隨試樣延伸，其電阻成正比增加，這被稱為粘結(jié)電阻應(yīng)變計。其他類型的量規(guī)測量實際變形。機(jī)械、光學(xué)或電子設(shè)備有時用于放大應(yīng)變以便于讀取。 |
| International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) | 國際實用溫標(biāo)（IPTS） |
A close approximation to the thermodynamic temperature scale based upon the triple points of hydrogen (13.8 K), neon (24.6 K), oxygen (54.4 K), argon (83.8 K), mercury (234.3 K), and water (273.2 K); the melting point of gallium (302.9 K); and the freezing points of indium (429.7 K), tin (505.1 K), zinc (692.7 K), aluminium (933.5 K), silver (1 234.9 K), gold (1 337.3 K), and copper (1 基于氫（13.8K）、氖（24.6K）、氧（54.4K）、氬（83.8K），汞（234.3K）和水（273.2K）的三相點的熱力學(xué)溫度標(biāo)度的近似值；鎵的熔點（302.9K）；銦（429.7K）、錫（505.1K）、鋅（692.7K），鋁（933.5K）、銀（1234.9K）、金（1337.3K）和銅等。 |
| Positive-displacement compressor | 容積式壓縮機(jī) |
Any type of compressor, including piston and rotary-screw types, that delivers a fixed volume of gas at high pressure per unit time. A positive-displacement pump delivers a fixed volume of fluid, usually a liquid, per unit time. 任何類型的壓縮機(jī)，包括活塞式和旋轉(zhuǎn)螺桿式，在單位時間內(nèi)以高壓輸送固定體積的氣體。容積泵每單位時間輸送固定體積的流體，通常為液體。 |
| Minimum material condition | 最小材料條件 |
(minimum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the lower limit of all toleranced external dimensions and to the upper limit for all internal dimensions. （最小金屬條件）制造部件的體積對應(yīng)于所有公差外部尺寸的下限和所有內(nèi)部尺寸的上限的情況。 |
| Torque converter | 變矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的渦輪機(jī)，由葉輪、渦輪機(jī)和反作用構(gòu)件組成。應(yīng)用包括機(jī)動車變速器。 |
| Elastic calibration device | 彈性校準(zhǔn)裝置 |
A device for use in verifying the load readings of a testing machine consisting of an elastic member(s) to which loads may be applied, combined with a mechanism or device for indicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to the magnitude) of deformation under load. 一種用于驗證試驗機(jī)載荷讀數(shù)的裝置，由可施加載荷的彈性構(gòu)件組成，與指示載荷下變形量（或與該量成比例的量）的機(jī)構(gòu)或裝置相結(jié)合。 |
| Stator | 定子 |
A ring of non-rotating blades or nozzles in a compressor, turbine, or other turbomachine, which directs fluid flow into an adjacent rotor. 渦輪壓縮機(jī)、渦輪或其他渦輪機(jī)械中的一圈不旋轉(zhuǎn)的葉片或噴嘴，將流體引導(dǎo)到相鄰的轉(zhuǎn)子中。 |
| Quench aging | 淬火時效 |
Aging induced by rapid cooling after solution heat treatment. 固溶熱處理后快速冷卻引起的時效。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金鋼經(jīng)淬火產(chǎn)生馬氏體，在550°C以上回火時產(chǎn)生細(xì)小沉淀的過程，這抑制了位錯運動，扭轉(zhuǎn)了在較高回火溫度下強(qiáng)度降低的趨勢。 |
| Degradation | 降解 |
The reduction with time of the physical properties of a material. 材料的物理性質(zhì)隨時間的減少。 |
| Coefficient of restitution (e) | 回彈系數(shù)（e） |
The ratio of the relative velocity of two colliding bodies after collision to that before. In perfectly elastic collisions e = 1; when all the impact energy is dissipated, e = 0. 兩個碰撞體在碰撞后與碰撞前的相對速度之比。在完全彈性碰撞中e=1；當(dāng)所有的沖擊能量都消散時，e=0。 |
| Uniaxial strain | 單軸應(yīng)變 |
Increase (or decrease) in length resulting from a stress acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen. 由平行于試樣縱軸的應(yīng)力引起的長度增加（或減少）。 |
| Radial flow | 徑向流 |
radial flow Fluid flow for which the principal direction of flow is either radially inward or radially outward relative to an axial direction. 徑向流動流體流動的主要方向是徑向向內(nèi)或徑向向外流動。 |
| Following flank | 跟隨側(cè)翼 |
The flank of a thread opposite to the leading flank. 與前牙面相對的螺紋牙面。 |
| Closed system | 封閉系統(tǒng) |
A closed thermodynamic system consists of a fixed amount of mass. No mass can cross its boundary although energy can, in the form of work or heat, and its volume can change. 一個封閉的熱力學(xué)系統(tǒng)由一定量的質(zhì)量組成。能量可以以功或熱的形式存在，其體積可以改變，但沒有質(zhì)量可以越過它的邊界。 |
| Ablative materials | 燒蝕材料 |
Materials, especially coating materials, designed to provide thermal protection to a body in a fluid stream through the loss of mass. 材料，尤其是涂層材料，旨在通過質(zhì)量損失為流體流中的物體提供熱保護(hù)。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 熱能（單位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 內(nèi)能的感知和潛在形式。 |
| Set screw | 緊定螺釘（平頭螺釘、緊定螺栓） |
Usually a hardened steel screw having either no head or a square head and with various degrees of points or ends to lock or tighten adjustable machine parts in position on a shaft. A short, headless screw with a recess at one end to receive a screwdriver or key, the other end being pointed, square, or otherwise shaped. Typically used to secure a pulley, gear, or other component on a shaft. 通常是一種硬化鋼螺釘，無頭或方頭，具有不同程度的點或端部，用于將可調(diào)機(jī)械部件鎖定或擰緊在軸上的適當(dāng)位置。一端有凹槽，用來裝螺絲刀或鑰匙，另一端是尖的、方形的或其他形狀的。通常用于將皮帶輪、齒輪或其他部件固定在軸上。 |
| Pressure gauge | 壓力表 |
An instrument used to measure absolute or gauge pressure. The sensing element may be a tube which deflects when pressurized, as in a Bourdon gauge, a bellows as in an aneroid barometer, a piezoelectric crystal, a piezoresistive element, etc. 測量絕對壓力或表壓的儀器。傳感元件可以是加壓時會偏轉(zhuǎn)的管，如波登壓力表、無液氣壓計中的波紋管、壓電晶體、壓阻元件等。 |
| Median fatigue strength at N cycles | N次循環(huán)的中位疲勞強(qiáng)度 |
An estimate of the stress level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, because there is no test procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at Ncycles can be directly observed. 估計50%的量在N個周期內(nèi)生存的壓力水平。該估計值來自疲勞壽命分布的一個特定點，因為沒有試驗程序可以直接觀察N次循環(huán)疲勞強(qiáng)度的頻率分布。 |
| Turbine blades (turbine buckets) | 渦輪葉片 |
1. The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor and stator of a gas, steam or hydraulic turbine. 2. The cup-shaped vanes of a Pelton wheel. 1.形成燃?xì)?、蒸汽或水力渦輪機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子和定子的翼型葉片。2.沖擊輪的杯形葉片。 |
| Design stress (Unit Pa) | 設(shè)計應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The greatest allowable stress in a component or structure that will not result in failure under normal operating conditions. 在正常操作條件下不會導(dǎo)致失效的部件或結(jié)構(gòu)中的最大許用應(yīng)力。 |
| Shell hardening | 殼型硬化 |
A surface-hardening process in which a suitable steel workpiece, when heated through and quench hardened, develops a martensitic layer or shell that closely follows the contour of the piece and surrounds a core of essentially pearlitic transformation product. This result is accomplished by a proper balance among section size, steel hardenability, and severity of quench. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，合適的鋼工件在加熱和淬火硬化后，會形成一層馬氏體層或殼，該層或殼緊隨工件的輪廓，并包圍一個基本上為珠光體相變產(chǎn)物的核心。這一結(jié)果通過截面尺寸、鋼淬透性和淬火強(qiáng)度之間的適當(dāng)平衡來實現(xiàn)。 |
| Absolute temperature (Unit K) | 絕對溫度（單位K） |
A temperature T measured relative to absolute zero, 0 K or ?273.15°C, the lowest temperature achievable at which molecular motion vanishes so that a body would have zero heat energy. The kelvin is equal in magnitude to the degree Celsius (°C). The kelvin temperature scale (kelvin absolute temperature scale) is an absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale derived from the Celsius scale: T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15. The Rankine absolute scale is derived from the Fahrenheit scale such that T(R) = T(°F) + 459.67, i.e. a scale relative to 0 R or ?459.67°F where R is the Rankine degree symbol and °F is the Fahrenheit symbol. 相對于絕對零、0K或0K測量的溫度T?273.15°C，分子運動消失的最低溫度，因此物體的熱能為零。開爾文的大小等于攝氏度（℃）。開爾文溫度標(biāo)度（開爾文絕對溫度標(biāo)度）是從攝氏標(biāo)度得出的絕對或熱力學(xué)溫度標(biāo)度：T（K）=T（°C）+273.15。蘭金絕對標(biāo)度是從華氏標(biāo)度得出，使得T（R）=T（°F）+459.67，即相對于0R或0R的標(biāo)度?459.67°F，其中R是朗肯度符號，°F是華氏度符號。 |
| Crossed threads | 交叉螺紋 |
When the axis of a nut offered up to a bolt is not aligned with the axis of a bolt (or a screw to a threaded member), it may be possible for the threads to engage incorrectly and even for the nut or screw to advance a turn or more, but ultimately the misaligned threads become locked together. Forcing the nut in such circumstances may irretrievably damage the threads on both. 當(dāng)提供給螺栓的螺母的軸線與螺栓（或螺紋構(gòu)件的螺釘）的軸線不對齊時，螺紋可能會錯誤接合，甚至螺母或螺釘會提前一圈或更多，但最終未對齊的螺紋會鎖定在一起。在這種情況下強(qiáng)行擰入螺母可能會對兩側(cè)的螺紋造成無法修復(fù)的損壞。 |
| Screw machine | 螺絲機(jī) |
A machine tool for high-volume manufacture of small turned components from rod or bar. 一種用棒或棒大批量制造小零件的機(jī)床。 |
| Working load (Unit N) | 工作負(fù)荷（單位：N） |
The tension in a bolt in use; tension produced by a combination of Residual preload and a portion (usually) of any External load. The Joint diagram is usually used to predict the approximate working load a fastener will see in service. The load under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 螺栓在使用中的張力；殘余預(yù)載荷和部分（通常）任何外部載荷的組合產(chǎn)生的張力。連接圖通常用于預(yù)測緊固件在使用中的近似工作載荷。部件或結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計為在正常條件下運行的荷載。 |
| Impact wrench | 沖擊扳手 |
An air- or electric-powered wrench in which multiple blows from tiny hammers are used to produce output torque to tighten fasteners. A pneumatically-or electrically-powered socket wrench used to tighten or loosen nuts through the application of torque in a rapid series of impulses. 一種氣動或電動扳手，使用小錘子多次敲擊來產(chǎn)生輸出扭矩以擰緊緊固件，用于通過在一系列快速脈沖中施加扭矩來擰緊或松開螺母。 |
| Condensate strainer | 冷凝水過濾器 |
A filter in a steam plant used to remove particulate matter from condensate before it is added to feedwater. 蒸汽設(shè)備中的過濾器，用于在將冷凝水添加到給水中之前去除冷凝水中的顆粒物。 |
| Clutch | 離合器 |
A device for connecting and disconnecting rotating shafts, for example between an engine and a gearbox. 一種用于連接和斷開旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的裝置，例如在發(fā)動機(jī)和變速箱之間。 |
| Carbon restoration | 碳修復(fù) |
Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer from previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the original carbon level. Sometimes called recarburizing. 通過將該層滲碳到基本上原始的碳水平來替換先前處理中在表面層中損失的碳。有時稱為再碳化。 |
| Threading machine | 螺紋機(jī) |
A machine used to cut an external thread on a rod, tube, bolt blank, etc. or an internal thread in a hole, tube, nut blank, etc. 用于切割桿、管、螺栓毛坯等上的外螺紋或孔、管、螺母毛坯等中的內(nèi)螺紋的機(jī)器。 |
| Fretting corrosion | 微動腐蝕 |
(1) The accelerated deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces as the result of corrosion and slight oscillatory movement between the two surfaces. (2) A form of fretting in which chemical reaction predominates. Fretting corrosion is often characterized by the removal of particles and subsequent formation of oxides, which are often abrasive and so increase the wear. Fretting corrosion can involve other chemical reaction products, which may not be abrasive. （1）由于兩個表面之間的腐蝕和輕微振蕩運動，接觸表面之間的界面加速劣化。（2）一種以化學(xué)反應(yīng)為主的微動磨損形式。微動腐蝕通常以顆粒的去除和隨后形成的氧化物為特征，這些氧化物通常具有研磨性，因此會增加磨損。微動腐蝕可能涉及其他化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物，這些化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物可能不是磨料。 |
| Minor diameter | 螺紋小徑 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder which just touches the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread. 在直螺紋上，僅接觸外螺紋根部或內(nèi)螺紋頂部的假想圓柱體的直徑。 |
| Congruent transformation | 全等變換 |
An isothermal or isobaric phase change in which both of the phases concerned have the same composition throughout the process. 等溫或等壓相變，其中相關(guān)的兩個相在整個過程中具有相同的成分。 |
| Decompression chamber | 減壓艙 |
A chamber in which ambient-air pressure can be increased to levels found in deep-sea diving. It is used to gradually acclimatize divers back to normal conditions and avoid ‘the bends’. 環(huán)境氣壓可以提高到深海潛水水平的腔室。它用于逐漸使?jié)撍畣T適應(yīng)正常條件，避免“彎曲”。 |
| Adhesive joint | 粘合接頭 |
The point or area in which two structures are held together by an adhesive. 兩個結(jié)構(gòu)通過粘合劑粘合在一起的點或區(qū)域。 |
| Cap | 帽 |
A cover, often in the form of a short cylinder, one end of which is closed. Typically used to close an orifice or pipe end, on to which it can be pushed, welded, screwed, or attached with fasteners. 一種蓋子，通常為短圓柱體，一端封閉。通常用于封閉孔口或管端，可將其推入、焊接、擰緊或用緊固件連接到其上。 |
| Quench-age embrittlement | 淬火時效脆化 |
Embrittlement of low-carbon steels resulting from precipitation of solute carbon at existing dislocations and from precipitation hardening of the steel caused by differences in ferrite at different temperatures. Quenchage embrittlement usually is caused by rapid cooling of the steel from temperatures slightly below Ac1?(the temperature at which austenite begins to form), and can be minimized by quenching from lower temperatures. 低碳鋼的脆化是由于溶質(zhì)碳在現(xiàn)有位錯處的沉淀和鐵素體在不同溫度下的差異導(dǎo)致的鋼沉淀硬化造成的。淬火脆性通常是由鋼從略低于Ac1的溫度（奧氏體開始形成的溫度）快速冷卻引起的，可以通過從較低溫度淬火來最小化。 |
| Centre line | 中心線 |
1. In an engineering drawing, a line of symmetry. 2. An imaginary line along a pipe, duct, or shaft that defines an axis of symmetry. 3. An imaginary straight line parallel to the intended direction of a surface located such that the areas above and below the line and the real wavy (rough) surface cancel out. 1.在工程圖中，對稱線。2.沿著管道、管道或豎井定義對稱軸的假想線。3.一條平行于表面預(yù)期方向的假想直線，該直線上方和下方的區(qū)域與真實的波狀（粗糙）表面相抵消。 |
| Coefficient of friction (μ) | 摩擦系數(shù)（μ） |
?(coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of sliding friction, friction coefficient, μ) The ratio of the frictional force F to the normal force N between two surfaces in contact, i.e. μ = F/N. Static friction is when there is no relative sliding; kinetic friction when there is. For structural components sliding on one another, the coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force causing the sliding to the force perpendicular to the sliding component surfaces. The coefficient of friction is dimensionless with values between zero and one. The number characterising the force necessary to slide or roll one material along the?€surface of another. If an object has a weight N and the coefficient of friction is μ, then the force F necessary to move it without acceleration along a level surface is F = μN. The coefficient of static friction determines the force necessary to initiate movement; the coefficient of kinetic friction determines the force necessary to maintain movement. Kinetic friction is usually smaller than static friction. （動摩擦系數(shù)、滑動摩擦系數(shù)、摩擦系數(shù)，μ）兩個接觸表面之間摩擦力F與法向力N的比值，即μ=F/N。靜摩擦是指沒有相對滑動時；有摩擦?xí)r的動摩擦。對于相互滑動的結(jié)構(gòu)部件，摩擦系數(shù)是引起滑動的力與垂直于滑動部件表面的力的比值。摩擦系數(shù)是無量綱的，其值介于0和1之間。代表一種材料沿另一種材料的表面滑動或滾動所需的力的數(shù)字。如果一個物體的重量為N并且摩擦系數(shù)為μ，那么在沒有加速度的情況下沿水平表面移動它所需的力F為F=μN。靜摩擦系數(shù)決定了啟動運動所需的力；動摩擦系數(shù)決定了保持運動所需的力。動摩擦通常小于靜摩擦。兩個物體之間的力（F）與將這些物體壓在一起的法向力（N）的無量綱比：μ（或f）=（F/N）。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 轉(zhuǎn)變溫度（單位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定義的溫度，位于金屬斷裂特性（通常通過缺口試樣的試驗確定）快速變化的溫度范圍內(nèi)，如從主要纖維（剪切）斷裂到主要結(jié)晶（解理）斷裂。（2） 有時用于表示延性隨溫度快速變化的范圍內(nèi)的任意定義的溫度。（轉(zhuǎn)變點）1.具有面心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的金屬合金的斷裂機(jī)制從韌性孔洞生長轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇嘈越饫淼臏囟取?.材料從一種晶體狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N晶體的溫度。 |
| Fastener identification marking | 緊固件識別標(biāo)記 |
A stamp, paint, or other permanent identifier that may include manufacturer information and applicable grade markings for certification purposes. 印章、油漆或其他永久性標(biāo)識符，其中可能包括制造商信息和用于認(rèn)證的適用等級標(biāo)記。 |
| Impact test | 碰撞測試 |
A test for determining the energy absorbed in fracturing a test piece at high velocity, as distinct from static test. The test may be carried out in tension, bending, or torsion, and the test bar may be notched or unnotched. 測定試件在高速下破裂時吸收的能量的試驗，與靜態(tài)試驗不同。測試可以在拉伸、彎曲或扭轉(zhuǎn)條件下進(jìn)行，測試桿可以有缺口或無缺口。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氫致延遲開裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有時用于識別一種氫脆形式的術(shù)語，其中金屬在小于屈服應(yīng)力的穩(wěn)定應(yīng)力下似乎會自發(fā)斷裂。在施加應(yīng)力（或?qū)⑹軕?yīng)力金屬暴露于氫）與開裂開始之間通常存在延遲。也稱為靜態(tài)疲勞。 |
| Wing | 翼 |
A relatively long and thin body with a cross section designed to produce lift when there is motion relative to a fluid. The principal applications are to aircraft and highperformance motor vehicles. 一種相對長而薄的物體，其橫截面設(shè)計用于在相對于流體運動時產(chǎn)生升力。主要應(yīng)用于飛機(jī)和高性能機(jī)動車輛。 |
| Assembly line | 流水線 |
A system of mass production in which work is moved progressively from one operation to another, ultimately to give the final complete product. 一種大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，其中工作逐漸從一個操作轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個操作，最終得到完整產(chǎn)品。 |
| Union (union joint) | 活接頭 |
A threaded pipe fitting that allows two pipes to be connected anddetached without the need for either to be rotated, and without damaging the pipe ends. 一種螺紋管件，允許連接和拆卸兩個管道，而無需旋轉(zhuǎn)任何一個管道，且不會損壞管道端部。 |
| Cavity radiator | 空腔輻射器 |
A heated chamber having a small hole through which radiation, approximating blackbody radiation, passes out. 具有小孔的加熱室，近似于黑體輻射的輻射通過該小孔傳遞出去。 |
| Force ratio | 力比 |
The factor by which a simple machine multiplies an applied force. It is the ratio of the load (output force) to the effort (input force). 簡單機(jī)器乘以所施加的力的因子。它是負(fù)載（輸出力）與作用力（輸入力）的比值。 |
| Crystalline fracture | 結(jié)晶斷裂 |
A pattern of brightly reflecting crystal facets on the fracture surface of a polycrystalline metal, resulting from cleavage fracture of many individual crystals. 多晶金屬斷裂面上明亮反射的晶面圖案，由許多單個晶體的解理斷裂產(chǎn)生。 |
| Tension testing | 張力測試 |
A method of determining the behavior of materials subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the metal. A longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs. Also known as tensile testing. 一種確定材料在單軸載荷下的行為的方法，這種載荷傾向于拉伸金屬。將已知長度和直徑的縱向試樣夾持在兩端，并以緩慢、受控的速率拉伸，直到發(fā)生斷裂。也稱為拉伸測試。 |
| Transition metals | 過渡金屬 |
Metallic elements from groups (columns) 3 to 12 of the periodic table. They include important metals such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the noble metals. They have either body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic, or hexagonal close-packed crystal structure at room temperature and have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. 元素周期表第3組至第12組（列）中的金屬元素。它們包括重要的金屬，如鈦、釩、鉻、錳、鐵、鈷、鋯、鈮、鉬、鉭、鎢和貴金屬。它們在室溫下具有體心立方、面心立方或六方密排晶體結(jié)構(gòu)，并具有廣泛的機(jī)械和物理性能。 |
| Torsion test | 扭力測試 |
A test designed to provide data for the calculation of the shear modulus, modulus of rupture in torsion, and yield strength in shear. 為計算剪切模量、扭轉(zhuǎn)斷裂模量和剪切屈服強(qiáng)度而設(shè)計的試驗。 |
| Maraging steels | 馬氏體時效鋼 |
Very high-strength iron alloys named after ‘martensitic’ and ‘a(chǎn)ging’. They contain nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, and form martensite on air cooling with a strength of about 1 GPa. When reheated to about 500°C and aged for some hours, a room-temperature strength of some 2.4 GPa is reached. 以“馬氏體”和“時效”命名的超高強(qiáng)度鐵合金。它們含有鎳、鉻、鈷和鉬，在空氣冷卻下形成強(qiáng)度約為1GPa的馬氏體。當(dāng)再加熱至約500°C并老化數(shù)小時時，室溫強(qiáng)度達(dá)到約2.4GPa。 |
| Dilatation (dilation) | 膨脹 |
A change of volume caused by external load, compression, temperature change, chemical action, etc. 由外部載荷、壓縮、溫度變化、化學(xué)作用等引起的體積變化。 |
| Single thread | 單頭螺紋 |
A screw thread cut around a cylinder having a single start in which the lead is equal to the pitch. 一種螺紋，在一個圓柱體上切割而成，具有一個單一的起點，在這個起點上，導(dǎo)程等于螺距。 |
| Transverse strain | 橫向應(yīng)變 |
Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the loading axis of a specimen. 垂直于試樣加載軸的平面內(nèi)的線性應(yīng)變。 |
| Oil quenching | 油淬 |
Hardening of carbon steel in an oil bath. Oils are categorized as conventional, fast, martempering, or hot quenching. 碳鋼在油浴中的硬化。分為常規(guī)、快速、馬氏體淬火或熱淬火。 |
| Transformation toughening | 相變增韌 |
The improvement of fracture toughness of a material by stress-induced transformation of the microstructure. 通過微結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)變來提高材料的斷裂韌性。 |
| Vapour static pressure | 蒸汽靜壓 |
(Unit Pa or bar) A pressure analogous to hydrostatic pressure, where the fluid is a vapour such as steam. A term used in geothermal applications. （單位Pa或bar）類似于靜水壓力的壓力，其中流體是蒸汽，如蒸汽。地?zé)釕?yīng)用中使用的術(shù)語。 |
| Surface tension (σ, γ) (Unit N/m) | 表面張力（σ，γ）（單位：N/m） |
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, unbalanced cohesive forces acting on the liquid molecules at the interface lead to the property surface tension which causes tensile forces to develop as if it were a skin or membrane. 液體和氣體或兩種不混溶液體之間的界面處，作用在界面處的液體分子上的不平衡內(nèi)聚力導(dǎo)致表面張力的性質(zhì)，從而導(dǎo)致張力的發(fā)展，就像皮膚或薄膜一樣。 |
| Newton’s law of gravitation | 牛頓萬有引力定律 |
(Newton’s law of universal gravitation) Any two bodies exert a gravitational force of attraction F on each other directed along the line joining their centres of mass, in magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them. （牛頓萬有引力定律）任何兩個物體沿其質(zhì)心連接線相互施加引力F，其大小與其質(zhì)量乘積成正比，與它們之間距離r的平方成反比。 |
| Turn-of-nut | 轉(zhuǎn)動螺母 |
Sometimes used to describe the general rotation of the nut (or bolt head) as the fastener is tightened. More often used to define a particular tightening procedure in which a fastener is first tightened with a preselected torque, and is then tightened further by giving the nut an additional, measured, turn such as ‘‘three flats’’ (180°). 有時用于描述緊固件擰緊時螺母（或螺栓頭）的總體旋轉(zhuǎn)。更常用于定義一種特定的緊固程序，在該程序中，首先以預(yù)選扭矩擰緊緊固件，然后通過使螺母額外轉(zhuǎn)動，如“三平面”（180°）進(jìn)一步擰緊。 |
| Constant-velocity universal joint | 等速萬向節(jié) |
(CV joint, homokinetic joint) A connexion that transmits constant angular velocity between two shafts that are neither necessarily in line nor whose axial position is necessarily fixed. （CV關(guān)節(jié)，勻速關(guān)節(jié)）在兩個軸之間傳遞恒定角速度的連接，這兩個軸既不必在一條直線上，也不必固定其軸向位置。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反躍式硬度試驗 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校準(zhǔn)儀器的動態(tài)壓痕硬度測試，該儀器將金剛石錘從固定高度落在被測材料表面上。錘的回彈高度是材料硬度的一種度量。也稱為肖氏硬度測試。 |
| Cemented carbides | 硬質(zhì)合金 |
Sintered mixtures of refractory metal carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide) in a metal matrix binder such as cobalt, nickel, or iron. They have high melting point, toughness, compressive strength, and wear resistance. Applications include use in grinding wheels and papers, cutting tools, drill bits, wire-drawing dies, and ball-point pen tips. Sometimes known as hard metals when the application is to machine tools. 難熔金屬碳化物（如碳化鎢）在金屬基體粘結(jié)劑（如鈷、鎳或鐵）中的燒結(jié)混合物。它們具有高熔點、韌性、抗壓強(qiáng)度和耐磨性。應(yīng)用包括用于砂輪和紙張、切削工具、鉆頭、拉絲模和圓珠筆尖。當(dāng)應(yīng)用于機(jī)床時，有時稱為硬金屬。 |
| Amplifier | 放大器 |
A device by which the output of a hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical source is increased. 增加液壓、氣動或電源輸出的裝置。 |
| Spring temper | 彈簧回火 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about two-thirds of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 非鐵合金和一些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點是抗拉強(qiáng)度和硬度約為全硬回火到超彈性回火的三分之二。 |
| Ductile | 延展性材料 |
(ductile material) Describes a material that can be deformed permanently to large strains without fracture. If a bolt can be stretched well past its yield point before breaking, it is said to be ductile. （延展性材料）描述一種可以永久變形到大應(yīng)變而不斷裂的材料。如果螺栓在斷裂前可以很好地拉伸超過其屈服點，則稱其具有延展性。 |
| Air-hardening steel | 空氣硬化鋼 |
A steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. The terms should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 2 in. (50 mm) or more in diameter. Same as self-hardening steel. 一種鋼，含有足夠的碳和其他合金元素，可以在空氣或其他氣體介質(zhì)中從高于其轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的溫度冷卻過程中完全硬化。這些術(shù)語應(yīng)僅限于能夠通過在相當(dāng)大的截面（直徑約2英寸（50毫米）或更大）中通過空氣冷卻而硬化的鋼。與自硬鋼相同。 |
| Scratching | 刮擦 |
In tribology, the mechanical removal or displacement, or both, of material from a surface by the action of abrasive particles or protuberances sliding across the surfaces. 在摩擦學(xué)中，通過在表面上滑動的磨?；蛲黄鸬淖饔?，材料從表面上的機(jī)械移除或移位，或兩者兼而有之。 |
| Total-loss lubrication | 全損耗潤滑 |
A system in which the lubricating oil for an internal-combustion engine is burned together with the fuel. 內(nèi)燃機(jī)潤滑油與燃料一起燃燒的系統(tǒng)。 |
| Nut thickness | 螺母厚度 |
The nut thickness shall be the overall distance measured parallel to the axis of nut, from the top of the nut to the bearing surface, and shall include the thickness of the washer face where provided. 螺母厚度應(yīng)為平行于螺母軸線測量的從螺母頂部到軸承表面的總距離，還應(yīng)包括墊圈表面的厚度。 |
| Supercharging | 增壓 |
The process of increasing the mass flow rate of air (or air/fuel mixture) into the cylinder(s) of a piston engine using a compressor driven from the crankshaft (the supercharger). The power output is increased compared with a naturally-aspirated engine of the same capacity. The process also increases the air pressure and density to greater than ambient. In the past, most superchargers were mechanically driven from the engine’s crankshaft, but these have been largely superseded by turbochargers. 使用由曲軸（增壓器）驅(qū)動的壓縮機(jī)增加進(jìn)入活塞式發(fā)動機(jī)氣缸的空氣（或空氣/燃料混合物）質(zhì)量流率的過程。與相同容量的自然吸氣發(fā)動機(jī)相比，功率輸出增加。該過程還將空氣壓力和密度增加到大于環(huán)境壓力和密度。在過去，大多數(shù)增壓器都是由發(fā)動機(jī)曲軸機(jī)械驅(qū)動的，但這些增壓器在很大程度上已被渦輪增壓器所取代。 |
| Acoustic emission | 聲發(fā)射 |
(stress-wave emission) Sound emitted by some materials when deformed under load. It arises from stress waves emitted by sudden dislocation motion in crystals, slip, crack growth, etc. （應(yīng)力波發(fā)射）某些材料在負(fù)載下變形時發(fā)出的聲音。它是由晶體中突然的位錯運動、滑移、裂紋擴(kuò)展等發(fā)出的應(yīng)力波引起的。 |
| Air pump | 氣泵 |
A machine for providing a flow of air or for increasing or decreasing the mass and pressure of air in a closed container. The term pump is more usual when the working fluid is a liquid, while compressor is more usual for gases. 一種用于提供空氣流動或用于增加或減少密閉容器中空氣質(zhì)量和壓力的機(jī)器。當(dāng)工作流體是液體時，術(shù)語泵更常用，而氣體更常用壓縮機(jī)。 |
| Brittle | 脆性材料 |
A brittle material is one that breaks, often suddenly, with no permanent deformation. Examples of brittle materials are some cast irons, glass, concrete, and some plastics. A bolt is said to be brittle if it will break when stretched only a small amount past its yield point. 脆性材料通常會突然斷裂，不會產(chǎn)生永久變形。脆性材料的例子有一些鑄鐵、玻璃、混凝土和一些塑料。如果螺栓在拉伸時僅超過其屈服點一小部分就會斷裂，則稱其為脆性螺栓。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的方向上起作用或移動。 |
| Shear test | 剪切試驗 |
Any of several tests to obtain shear strength of a metal. Common tests used on mill products include the double-shear test, single-shear test, the blanking shear test (also known as the punching shear test) and the torsion test. 獲得金屬剪切強(qiáng)度的幾種測試中的任何一種。軋機(jī)產(chǎn)品上常用的試驗包括雙剪試驗、單剪試驗、落料剪切試驗（也稱為沖切試驗）和扭轉(zhuǎn)試驗。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在機(jī)床工作臺上用一種特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容納T形螺栓的方頭，用于夾緊工件。 |
| Ideal gas laws | 理想氣體定律 |
The law relating pressure, temperature and volume of an ideal (perfect) gas pV = mRT, where R is the gas constant. The law implies that at constant temperature T, the product of pressure p and volume V is constant (Boyle’s law), and at constant pressure, the volume is proportional to the temperature (Charles’ law). 與理想（完美）氣體的壓力、溫度和體積相關(guān)的定律pV=mRT，其中R是氣體常數(shù)。該定律意味著在恒定溫度T下，壓力p和體積V的乘積是恒定的（波義耳定律），而在恒定壓力下，體積與溫度成正比（查爾斯定律）。 |
| Double aging | 雙級時效 |
Employment of two different aging treatments to control the type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in order to obtain the desired properties. The first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at higher temperature than the second. 采用兩種不同的時效處理來控制由過飽和基質(zhì)形成的沉淀物類型，以獲得所需的性能。第一次時效處理，有時稱為中間處理或穩(wěn)定處理，通常在比第二次更高的溫度下進(jìn)行。 |
| Thread rolling | 滾絲 |
Thread rolling (also known as roll threading) is a cold forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Polygonal blanks are also thread rolled for the purpose of fabricating thread-forming and self-locking screws. The preferred polygonal shape is trilobular and is produced in flat die machines. 螺紋滾壓（也稱為滾壓螺紋）是一種冷成型工藝，通過將硬化鋼模具的壓痕滾壓到圓柱形或錐形坯料的表面來生產(chǎn)螺紋或其他螺旋或環(huán)形形狀。多邊形坯料也進(jìn)行螺紋軋制，以制造螺紋成型和自鎖螺釘。優(yōu)選的多邊形形狀為三棱形，并在平模機(jī)中生產(chǎn)。 |
| Wedge | 楔子 |
A short triangular prism whose major surfaces subtend an acute angle, that can be driven between two objects or parts of an object to split, tighten, or secure them, or to widen an opening or raise a heavy object. The acute angle gives a high mechanical advantage. 一種短的三棱鏡，其主面對著一個銳角，可在兩個物體或物體的一部分之間驅(qū)動，以將它們分開、擰緊或固定，或加寬開口或舉起重物。銳角具有很高的機(jī)械優(yōu)勢。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化劑 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一種引起氧化從而自身被還原的化合物。 |
| Kilogram (kg) | 千克（kg） |
The base unit of mass in the SI system. It was previously defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, a right cylinder of height and diameter 39.17 mm made of an alloy of 90% (by mass) platinum and 10% iridium. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 150 × 10?34?when expressed in the unit J.s, which is equal to kg.m2.s. 國際單位制中的基本質(zhì)量單位。它以前被定義為等于國際原型千克的質(zhì)量，一個高度和直徑為39.17毫米的右圓柱體，由90%（質(zhì)量）的鉑和10%的銥合金制成。從2019年5月20日起，普朗克常數(shù)h的固定數(shù)值被定義為6.626070150×10?34當(dāng)以單位J.s表示時，和kg.m2.s一樣。 |
| Temperature factor | 溫度系數(shù) |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. Accounts for the effects of thermal expansion and the temperature-induced change in the velocity of sound. 用于螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變超聲波測量的校準(zhǔn)常數(shù)。說明了熱膨脹和溫度引起的聲速變化的影響。 |
| Turbocharging | 渦輪增壓 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一種增壓方法，其中活塞發(fā)動機(jī)的熱廢氣用于驅(qū)動渦輪，渦輪為增壓壓縮機(jī)提供動力。渦輪增壓器是渦輪/壓縮機(jī)組合。壓縮機(jī)通常為徑向流出設(shè)計，而徑向、軸向和混流式渦輪機(jī)都在使用。廢氣旁通閥是一種減少進(jìn)入渦輪的廢氣流量以限制產(chǎn)生的增壓或超速的閥。 |
| Wire rope | 鋼絲繩 |
A type of cable formed from individual strands of wire with a helical twist. 一種線纜，由具有螺旋扭曲的單獨的線股形成。 |
| Statistic | 統(tǒng)計 |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根據(jù)樣本中的觀察值計算得出的匯總值。 |
| Degrees of freedom | 自由度 |
The number of independent variables (such as temperature, pressure, or concentration within the phases present) that may be altered at will without causing a phase change in an alloy system at equilibrium; or the number of such variables that must be fixed arbitrarily to define the system completely. 可以隨意改變而不引起平衡時合金系統(tǒng)相變的自變量的數(shù)量（例如存在的相內(nèi)的溫度、壓力或濃度）；或必須任意固定以完全定義系統(tǒng)的此類變量的數(shù)量。 |
| Transfer moulding | 轉(zhuǎn)移模塑 |
(resin-transfer moulding, RTM) A method of compression moulding polymers in which the dies are closed before the operation starts. （樹脂傳遞模塑，RTM）一種對聚合物進(jìn)行壓縮模塑的方法，其中模具在操作開始前關(guān)閉。 |
| Ultimate strength | 極限應(yīng)力 |
The maximum tensile strength a bolt or material can support prior to rupture. Always found in the plastic region of the stress–strain or force–elongation curve, and so is not a design strength. Also called Tensile strength and ultimate tensile strength. The maximum stress (tensile, compressive, or shear) a material can sustain without fracture, determined by dividing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Also known as nominal strength or maximum strength. 螺栓或材料在斷裂前可支撐的最大抗拉強(qiáng)度?？偸浅霈F(xiàn)在應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變或力-伸長率曲線的塑性區(qū)域，因此不是設(shè)計強(qiáng)度。也稱為抗拉強(qiáng)度和極限抗拉強(qiáng)度。材料在不斷裂的情況下能夠承受的最大應(yīng)力（拉伸、壓縮或剪切），通過將最大載荷除以試樣的原始橫截面積來確定。也稱為標(biāo)稱強(qiáng)度或最大強(qiáng)度。 |
| Ductile crack propagation | 延性裂紋擴(kuò)展 |
Slow crack propagation that is accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from outside the body. 緩慢的裂紋擴(kuò)展，伴隨著明顯的塑性變形，需要從外部提供能量。 |
| Semi-rotary pump | 半回轉(zhuǎn)泵 |
A form of self-priming pump, often hand-operated, suitable for pumping water and light oils such as diesel oil and petrol. As shown in the diagram, liquid is sucked into one side of the pump through flap valves and simultaneously ejected from the other side on one stroke. The sequence is reversed on each successive stroke. 一種自吸泵，通常是手動的，適用于泵送水和輕油，如柴油和汽油。液體通過翻板閥吸入泵的一側(cè)，同時在一個沖程中從另一側(cè)排出。在每個連續(xù)沖程上，順序顛倒。 |
| Tangent screw | 微動螺旋 |
A worm screw used to adjust measuring instruments such as sextants and vernier callipers. 用于調(diào)整六分儀和游標(biāo)卡尺等測量儀器的蝸桿。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（單位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有單個主旋翼的直升機(jī)中，機(jī)身沿與旋翼相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢。 |
| R-curve/Resistance curve | 阻力曲線 |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, a plot of crack-extension resistance as a function of stable crack extension, which is either the difference between the physical crack size, or the effective crack size, and the original crack size. R-curves normally depend on specimen thickness and, for some materials, on temperature and strain rate. An increase in fracture toughness with crack propagation shown by rising plots of toughness vs growing crack length. 在線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中，作為穩(wěn)定裂紋擴(kuò)展函數(shù)的裂紋擴(kuò)展阻力圖，即物理裂紋尺寸或有效裂紋尺寸與原始裂紋尺寸之間的差值。R曲線通常取決于試樣厚度，對于某些材料，還取決于溫度和應(yīng)變率。是隨著裂紋擴(kuò)展，斷裂韌性增加，表現(xiàn)為韌性與擴(kuò)展裂紋長度的上升曲線。 |
| Compressible flow | 可壓縮流動 |
A gas flow in which the Mach number M is sufficiently high for the gas density to change significantly. For air, this is when M > 0.3. 馬赫數(shù)M高到足以使氣體密度發(fā)生顯著變化的氣流。對于空氣，這是當(dāng)M>0.3時。 |
| Breaks | 斷裂 |
Creases or ridges usually in “untempered” or in aged material where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the origin of the break, it may be termed a cross break, a coil break, an edge break, or a sticker break. 通常在“未回火”或超過屈服點的老化材料中出現(xiàn)折痕或隆起。根據(jù)斷裂的起源，它可能被稱為交叉斷裂、線圈斷裂、邊緣斷裂或貼紙斷裂。 |
| DIN | DIN |
Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German Institute for Standardization. Deutsches Institut für Normung，德國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究所。 |
| Stress | 應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The intensity of the internally distributed forces or components of forces that resist a change in the volume or shape of a material that is or has been subjected to external forces. Stress is expressed in force per unit area and is calculated on the basis of the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. Stress can be either direct (tension or compression)or shear. 1. Stress ‘a(chǎn)t a point’ (i.e. over a volume of material that is very small compared with that of the component or structure) is the load per unit area for every face of an infinitesimal cube surrounding the point. 2. In fluid flow the stress tensor σij is the sum of an isotropic part ?pδij, δij being the Kronecker delta, having the same form as the stress tensor for a fluid at rest, p being the static pressure, and the non-isotropic, deviatoric stress tensor dij which is due entirely to the fluid motion. 內(nèi)部分布力或力分量的強(qiáng)度，這些力或力的分量抵抗正在或已經(jīng)受到外力的材料的體積或形狀的變化。應(yīng)力以單位面積的力表示，并根據(jù)試樣橫截面的原始尺寸計算。應(yīng)力可以是直接（拉伸或壓縮）或剪切。1.“在一點”的應(yīng)力（即在與組件或結(jié)構(gòu)相比非常小的材料體積上）是圍繞該點的無限小立方體的每個面的單位面積載荷。2. 在流體流動中，應(yīng)力張量σij是各向同性部分-pδij的總和，δij是Kroneckerδ，具有與靜止流體的應(yīng)力張量相同的形式，p是靜壓，非各向同性, 偏應(yīng)力張量 dij 完全由流體運動引起。 |
| Compressive stress | 壓縮應(yīng)力 |
A stress that causes an elastic body to deform (shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile stress. 使彈性體沿施加載荷方向變形（縮短）的應(yīng)力。與拉應(yīng)力對比。 |
| Fastener | 緊固件 |
A fastener is a mechanical device for holding two or more bodies in definite positions with respect to each other. 緊固件是一種機(jī)械裝置，用于將兩個或多個物體相對于彼此固定在確定的位置。 |
| Twist drill | 麻花鉆 |
A hardened-steel drill bit having one or more helical flutes running from a conical tip to the smooth part of the shank. 一種淬火鋼鉆頭，具有一個或多個螺旋槽，從錐形尖端延伸到柄部的光滑部分。 |
| Square thread | 方螺紋 |
A form of screw thread in which the cross–section of the thread forms a square, making the width of the thread equal to the space between the threads. 螺紋的一種形式，螺紋的橫截面形成正方形，使螺紋的寬度等于螺紋之間的間距。 |
| Translational joint | 平移鉸 |
A robot joint where the controlled variable is straight line movement. 控制變量為直線運動的機(jī)器人關(guān)節(jié)。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性變形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加應(yīng)力下的永久（非彈性）變形，使材料應(yīng)變超過其彈性極限。 |
| Meyer hardness (Unit Pa) | 邁耶硬度（單位Pa） |
A material hardness similar to the Brinell hardness but based upon the projected area of the impression rather than the surface area. 與布氏硬度相似的材料硬度，但基于印模的投影面積而不是表面面積。 |
| Bias pressure (Unit Pa) | 偏壓（單位Pa） |
In a fluidic device controlled by pressure difference, the magnitude of that difference. 在由壓力差控制的流體裝置中，該差值的大小。 |
| Natural aging | 自然時效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 過飽和固溶體在室溫下的自發(fā)時效。 |
| Process annealing | 中間退火 |
An imprecise term denoting various treatments used to improve workability. For the term to be meaningful, the condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. 一個不精確的術(shù)語，表示用于改善可加工性的各種處理方法。為了使術(shù)語有意義，必須說明材料的條件和使用的時間-溫度循環(huán)。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量規(guī) |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于測量螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變的超聲波儀器。 |
| Carbonization | 碳化 |
Conversion of an organic substance into elemental carbon. 將有機(jī)物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為元素碳。 |
| Proof strength? (Unit Pa) | 驗證強(qiáng)度（單位Pa） |
(proof stress, Rp, Rp,) The yield strength (offset yield strength) at some fixed value of the permanent strain given by the intersection of a line offset from, but parallel to, the elastic loading line and the engineering stress-engineering strain curve. The offset is arbitrary but is usually 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5% permanent strain (the proof strain). Used for materials which do not exhibit a sharply defined yield point. The notation Rp0.2?or Rp0.2?is employed for the 0.2% proof stress. （驗證應(yīng)力，Rp）在永久應(yīng)變的某個固定值下的屈服強(qiáng)度（偏移屈服強(qiáng)度），由偏離但平行于彈性加載線的線與工程應(yīng)力-工程應(yīng)變曲線的交點給出。偏移是任意的，但通常為0.1、0.2或0.5%的永久應(yīng)變（驗證應(yīng)變）。用于沒有明確定義屈服點的材料。對于0.2%的驗證應(yīng)力，采用符號Rp0.2。 |
| Compression | 壓縮 |
1. Loading, the principal effect of which is to squeeze and shorten a component or testpiece. 2. The reduction in volume and increase in density of a substance as a consequence of increased pressure. 1.加載，其主要作用是擠壓和縮短部件或試件。2.壓力增加導(dǎo)致物質(zhì)體積減少和密度增加。 |
| Diagonal pitch (Unit m) | 對角線間距（單位米） |
The distance, when components in an assembly are staggered, between the position of a component in one row or column and the position of the corresponding component in the next row or column. The term is applied to rivets, turbine or compressor blades in a cascade, vortex generators on the surface of a wing, etc. 當(dāng)部件中的零部件交錯時，一行或一列中零部件的位置與下一行或下一列中相應(yīng)零部件的位置之間的距離。該術(shù)語適用于鉚釘、葉柵中的渦輪或壓縮機(jī)葉片、機(jī)翼表面的渦流發(fā)生器等。 |
| Cap nut | 蓋型螺母 |
A nut with a blind threaded hole, for example a dome nut to cover the end of a bolt. 帶有盲螺紋孔的螺母，例如用于覆蓋螺栓末端的圓頂螺母。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 熱電動勢 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 當(dāng)一個結(jié)處于不同于另一個結(jié)的溫度時，在含有兩種不同金屬的電路中產(chǎn)生的電動勢。 |
| Lockbolt | 鎖緊螺栓 |
A fastener which bears a superficial resemblance to a bolt, but which engages a collar (instead of a nut) with annular grooves (instead of threads). The collar is swaged over the grooves on the male fastener to develop preload. 表面上類似于螺栓的緊固件，但與環(huán)槽（而不是螺紋）接合的軸環(huán)（而不是螺母）。套環(huán)在陽緊固件上的凹槽上鍛造，以產(chǎn)生預(yù)緊力。 |
| Universal joint (Hooke’s joint) | 萬向節(jié)（胡克接頭） |
A double-pivoted connection that allows power and torque to be transmitted between two shafts at an angle to each other. For constant driving angular velocity of the input yoke, the angular velocity of the output yoke fluctuates by amounts depending on the angle of intersection of the shafts. Speeds of the driving and driven shafts may be made identical (giving a constant-velocity joint) when an intermediate shaft, at each end of which there is a universal joint, is interposed. The driving and driven shafts must be equally inclined to the intermediate shaft, the two forks of which must lie in the same plane. 一種雙樞軸連接，允許動力和扭矩以一定角度在兩個軸之間傳遞。對于輸入磁軛的恒定驅(qū)動角速度，輸出磁軛的角速度根據(jù)軸的相交角度波動。當(dāng)插入中間軸時，驅(qū)動軸和從動軸的速度可以相同（提供恒定速度接頭），中間軸的兩端都有萬向節(jié)。主動軸和從動軸必須與中間軸傾斜相等，中間軸的兩個叉必須位于同一平面內(nèi)。 |
| Degree (°) | 度數(shù)（°） |
A measure of plane angle such that 1° is 1/360 of a complete revolution and equal to π/180 rad. 平面角度的一種度量，使得1°是一整圈的1/360，等于π/180弧度。 |
| Progressive aging | 漸進(jìn)時效 |
Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or continuously during the aging cycle. 通過在時效周期中逐步或連續(xù)升高溫度進(jìn)行增加時效。 |
| Working stress (Unit Pa) | 工作應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The stress under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計為在正常條件下運行的應(yīng)力。 |
| Swift cup test | 斯威夫特杯測試 |
A simulative cupping test in which circular blanks of various diameters are clamped in a die ring and deep drawn into cups by a flat-bottomed cylindrical punch. 一種模擬拔杯試驗，將不同直徑的圓形坯料夾緊在模環(huán)中，并用平底圓柱沖頭將其深拉入杯中。 |
| Bearing strain | 軸承應(yīng)變 |
The ratio of the deformation of the bearing hole, in the direction of the applied force, to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 軸承孔在作用力方向上的變形與軸承測試中銷直徑的比值。 |
| Pitch | 瀝青節(jié)距 |
The nominal distance between two adjacent thread roots or crests. In screw threads, the distance from a point on one thread to a corresponding point on the next thread measured parallel to the axis. In the case of spur gears, indicates the size of the gear teeth and is correctly called diametral pitch. 兩個相鄰螺紋根部或頂部之間的標(biāo)稱距離。在螺紋中，從一根螺紋上的一點到下一根螺紋對應(yīng)點的距離，平行于軸線測量。對于正齒輪，表示齒輪齒的尺寸，正確地稱為徑向節(jié)距。 |
| Kiln | 窯 |
An industrial oven for burning, baking, or drying. 用于燃燒、烘烤或干燥的工業(yè)烤箱。 |
| Stress area | 應(yīng)力面積 |
The effective cross-sectional area of the threaded section of a fastener. Used to compute average stress levels in that section. Based on the mean of pitch and minor diameters. 緊固件螺紋部分的有效橫截面積。用于計算該截面中的平均應(yīng)力水平?；诠?jié)距和小直徑的平均值。 |
| Stainless steels | 不銹鋼 |
Iron-base alloys that are highly resistant to corrosion in many environments. The predominant alloying element is chromium, which, like iron at room temperature, has BCC crystal structure. Corrosion resistance by passivation is achieved by the formation of chromium oxide on the steel surface. Nickel, which has FCC crystal structure, is another important addition for some steels. Other additions used to enhance properties include manganese, molybdenum, niobium, and titanium. There are several classes of stainless steel. 在許多環(huán)境中具有高度耐腐蝕性的鐵基合金。主要的合金元素是鉻，與室溫下的鐵一樣，鉻具有BCC晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。鈍化抗腐蝕性是通過在鋼表面形成氧化鉻來實現(xiàn)的。具有FCC晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的鎳是某些鋼的另一種重要添加劑。其他用于增強(qiáng)性能的添加劑包括錳、鉬、鈮和鈦。不銹鋼的種類有好幾種。 |
| Biomechanics | 生物力學(xué) |
The application of mechanical-engineering principles, including thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and solid mechanics together with materials engineering, to biological systems. 機(jī)械工程原理（包括熱力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)和固體力學(xué)以及材料工程）在生物系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用。 |
| Lead of thread | 螺紋導(dǎo)程 |
On a single threaded screw, the distance the screw or nut advances in one complete revolution. 在單螺紋螺釘上，螺釘或螺母在一整圈中前進(jìn)的距離。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡試驗筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一種閉路循環(huán)水隧洞，其中靜壓可降至足夠低的水平，以便進(jìn)行氣蝕研究。 |
| Cathode | 陰極 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which attracts electrons. 電池或腐蝕電池中吸引電子的電極。 |
| High strength low alloy steels | 高強(qiáng)度低合金鋼 |
(HSLA steels) Steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 MPa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. Improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （HSLA鋼）是含有各種微合金元素的鋼，如少量的銅、鎳、鉻、鉬、鈮、鈦和釩，與普通碳鋼相比，具有更好的強(qiáng)度（高達(dá)900MPa）和腐蝕性能。這些改進(jìn)歸功于晶粒細(xì)化和沉淀硬化、煉鋼過程中更好的化學(xué)控制以及精確的軋制溫度。 |
| Available head (Unit m) | 可用水頭（單位米） |
In a hydroelectric power system, the difference between the vertical height of the water level in the supply reservoir above the turbine inlet less the head loss due to friction and fittings in the duct leading to the turbine. 在水力發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中，水輪機(jī)入口上方供水水庫中水位垂直高度之間的差減去由于通向渦輪機(jī)的管道中的摩擦和配件造成的水頭損失。 |
| Checks | 檢查 |
Numerous, very fine cracks in a coating or at the surface of a metal part. Checks may appear during processing or during service and are most often associated with thermal treatment or thermal cycling. 涂層中或金屬零件表面的許多非常細(xì)微的裂紋。在加工或服務(wù)期間可能會出現(xiàn)檢查，并且通常與熱處理或熱循環(huán)有關(guān)。 |
| Net weight (Unit N) | 凈重（單位：N） |
The difference between the gross weight of any container including its contents and the tare weight of the empty container. 任何容器（包括其內(nèi)容物）的毛重與空容器皮重之間的差值。 |
| Diffusion coefficient | 擴(kuò)散系數(shù) |
A factor of proportionality representing the amount of substance diffusing across a unit area through a unit concentration gradient in unit time. 一個比例因子，表示在單位時間內(nèi)通過單位濃度梯度擴(kuò)散到單位面積上的物質(zhì)量。 |
| Burning | 燃燒化 |
(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) In grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通過加熱導(dǎo)致初期熔化或晶間氧化而永久損壞金屬或合金。參見過熱、晶界液化。（2）在磨削過程中，使工件熱到足以引起變色或通過回火或硬化改變微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Rotary blower | 旋轉(zhuǎn)鼓風(fēng)機(jī) |
(rotary compressor) A positive-displacement gas compressor which may be of the blade type, helical-screw type, meshing-lobe type (the Roots blower), or sliding-vane type. （旋轉(zhuǎn)式壓縮機(jī)）一種容積式氣體壓縮機(jī)，可以是葉片式、螺旋式、嚙合凸角式（羅茨鼓風(fēng)機(jī)）或滑動葉片式。 |
| Velocity ratio | 速度比 |
1. The ratio between the input velocity to a machine, train of gears, etc. and the output velocity. 2. The ratio between the displacement of an applied force at one part of a mechanism and the movement of the load at a different part. 1.機(jī)器、齒輪系等的輸入速度與輸出速度之間的比率。2.在機(jī)構(gòu)的一個部分處施加的力的位移與在不同部分處的載荷的移動之間的比率。 |
| Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
(acceleration of free fall, gravitational acceleration, g) (Unit m/s2) The acceleration of a freely-falling body in a vacuum, with a mean value at sea level of approximately 9.81 m/s2. （自由落體加速度，重力加速度，g）（單位m/s2）自由落體在真空中的加速度，在海平面處的平均值約為9.81m/s2。 |
| Power | 力能 |
The rate of doing work or of producing or consuming energy. The unit of power is the watt, W, where 1 W = 1 N m/s. 做功或產(chǎn)生或消耗能量的速度。功率單位為瓦特，W，其中1W=1N m/s。 |
| Carbonitriding | 碳氮共滲 |
A case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the desired properties in the workpiece. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，將合適的含鐵材料在氣體氣氛中加熱到較低的轉(zhuǎn)變溫度以上，使其表面同時吸收碳和氮，并通過擴(kuò)散形成濃度梯度。該工藝通過以在工件中產(chǎn)生所需性能的速率冷卻來完成。 |
| Total heat (Unit kJ) | 總熱量（單位kJ） |
An alternative term for enthalpy. It is inappropriate as it suggests that it includes kinetic energy in the same way as total enthalpy, but it does not. Also, heat and enthalpy are quite different quantities, as their definitions show. 焓的另一個術(shù)語。這是不恰當(dāng)?shù)模驗樗砻?，它包括動能的方式與總焓相同，但它實際上并不是的。此外，熱和焓是完全不同的量，正如它們的定義所示。 |
| Microstrain | 微應(yīng)變 |
The strain over a gage length comparable to interatomic distances. These are the strains being averaged by the macrostrain measurement. Microstrain is not measurable by currently existing techniques. Variance of the microstrain distribution can, however, be measured by x-ray diffraction. 與原子間距離相當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)距上的應(yīng)變。這些是通過宏觀應(yīng)變測量得到的平均應(yīng)變?，F(xiàn)有技術(shù)無法測量微應(yīng)變。然而微應(yīng)變分布的變化可以通過x射線衍射來測量。 |
| Strain | 拉緊 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物體的大小或形狀因力而變化的單位。也稱為標(biāo)稱應(yīng)變。 |
| Diaphragm meter | 隔膜計 |
A dry flow meter in which there are two or more interconnected chambers, each having a diaphragm in the wall. The chambers empty and fill alternately and the flow rate of gas is determined from the movement of diaphragms. Diaphragm meters are commonly used to monitor domestic and commercial gas supply. 一種干式流量計，其中有兩個或多個相互連接的腔室，每個腔室的壁上都有一個隔膜。腔室交替排空和填充，氣體流速由隔膜的移動確定。隔膜流量計通常用于監(jiān)測家用和商用燃?xì)夤?yīng)。 |
| Delamination | 分層 |
A mode of failure of composite materials, including radial-ply tyres, in which the layers separate due to repeated cyclic loading, impact, or weak bonding. 復(fù)合材料的一種失效模式，包括子午線輪胎，其中層由于重復(fù)的循環(huán)載荷、沖擊或弱粘合而分離。 |
| Latent heat | 潛熱 |
Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a phase change. 物質(zhì)發(fā)生相變時吸收或釋放的熱能。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可鍛鑄鐵 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口鑄鐵一種通過長時間退火制成的鑄鐵，脫碳，石墨化，或兩者都發(fā)生，以消除部分或全部滲碳體。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脫碳是主要反應(yīng)，產(chǎn)品將呈現(xiàn)出較輕的斷裂表面，“白心可鍛”。否則，斷裂表面將變暗，“黑心可鍛”。鐵素體可鍛性材料主要為鐵素體基體；根據(jù)熱處理和所需硬度，珠光體可鍛材料可能包含珠光體、球狀體或回火馬氏體。 |
| Rockwell superficial hardness test | 洛氏表面硬度試驗 |
Same as Rockwell hardness test, except that smaller minor and major loads are used. 與洛氏硬度測試相同，只是使用較小的次要載荷和主要載荷。 |
| Slenderness ratio | 長細(xì)比 |
The effective unsupported length of a uniform column divided by the least radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area. 均勻柱的有效無支撐長度除以橫截面積的最小回轉(zhuǎn)半徑。 |
| Bioenergy | 生物能源 |
1. Energy derived from materials such as purpose-grown energy crops, including sugar cane, maize, wheat, and rice, as well as wood, straw, and animal waste, including sewage, manure, and animal litter. 2. A term sometimes used to cover biomass and biofuels together. 1.來自特定種植的能源作物（包括甘蔗、玉米、小麥和大米）以及木材、稻草和動物糞便（包括污水、糞便和動物垃圾）等材料的能源。2.有時用于同時涵蓋生物質(zhì)和生物燃料的術(shù)語。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應(yīng)，其中固溶體在冷卻時轉(zhuǎn)化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數(shù)量與系統(tǒng)中組分的數(shù)量相同。（2）具有平衡圖上共析點所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反應(yīng)形成的混合固體成分的合金結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Least count | 最小計數(shù) |
The smallest value that can be read from an instrument having a graduated scale. Except on instruments provided with a vernier, the least count is that fraction of the smallest division which can be conveniently and reliably estimated; this fraction is ordinarily one-fifth or one-tenth, except where the graduations are very closely spaced. 可從具有刻度尺的儀器中讀取的最小值。除配備游標(biāo)的儀器外，最小計數(shù)是可以方便可靠地估計的最小除法的分?jǐn)?shù)；這個分?jǐn)?shù)通常是五分之一或十分之一，除非刻度間隔非常近。 |
| Horizontal batch furnace | 臥式間歇爐 |
A versatile batch-type furnace that can give light or deep case depths, and because the parts are not exposed to air, horizontal batch furnaces can give surfaces almost entirely free of oxides. 一種多功能間歇式爐，可以提供淺或深的外殼深度，并且由于零件不暴露在空氣中，臥式間歇式爐可以使表面幾乎完全沒有氧化物。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非熱變化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在沒有熱波動的情況下進(jìn)行的反應(yīng)；也就是說，不需要熱激活。相反，在恒溫下發(fā)生的反應(yīng)是等溫轉(zhuǎn)變。在這種情況下，熱活化是必要的，并且反應(yīng)作為時間的函數(shù)進(jìn)行。 |
| Steam gauge | 汽壓表 |
A pressure gauge used to measure gauge pressure in a line, boiler, cylinder, or other device operating with steam. 一種壓力表，用于測量管道、鍋爐、汽缸或其他與蒸汽一起工作的裝置中的表壓。 |
| Regenerative pump | 渦流泵 |
?(regenerative turbine pump, peripheral pump) A pump with a double-sided impeller having a large number of radial blades. The pressure of the pumped liquid increases progressively over several revolutions of the impeller. It is? particularly suited to producing large heads at small flow rates without cavitation. （再生渦輪泵，外圍泵）具有具有大量徑向葉片的雙面葉輪的泵。泵送液體的壓力在葉輪的幾圈內(nèi)逐漸增加。它特別適合于在小流速下產(chǎn)生大水頭且不產(chǎn)生氣穴。 |
| Hydraulic air compressor | 液壓空氣壓縮機(jī) |
1. A compressor powered by a hydraulic motor. 2. A device in which air is compressed as a result of being entrained in water flowing in a downcomer pipe. The compressed air is released in a chamber at the bottom of the pipe. 1. 由液壓馬達(dá)驅(qū)動的壓縮機(jī)。2.一種裝置，其中空氣由于夾帶在降液管中流動的水中而被壓縮。壓縮空氣在管道底部的腔室中釋放。 |
| Compression failure | 壓縮失敗 |
The reduction or removal of a component’s load-bearing capacity in compression, caused by buckling, fracture, crease formation in fibre composites, etc. 由纖維復(fù)合材料中的屈曲、斷裂、折痕形成等引起的部件在壓縮中的承載能力的降低或消除。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生長 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金屬中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高溫加熱的結(jié)果。 |
| Eutectic | 共晶 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectic point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectic reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應(yīng)，其中液體溶液在冷卻時轉(zhuǎn)化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數(shù)量與系統(tǒng)中組分的數(shù)量相同。（2）一種合金，其成分由平衡圖上的共晶點表示。（3）由共晶反應(yīng)形成的混合固體成分的合金結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Stress-intensity calibration | 應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度校準(zhǔn) |
A mathematical expression, based on empirical or analytical results, that relates the stress-intensity factor to load and crack length for a specific specimen planar geometry. Also known as Kcalibration. 基于經(jīng)驗或分析結(jié)果的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式，該表達(dá)式將特定試樣平面幾何形狀的應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子與載荷和裂紋長度聯(lián)系起來。也稱為K校準(zhǔn)。 |
| Microscopic stresses | 微觀應(yīng)力 |
Residual stresses that vary from tension to compression in a distance (presumably approximating the grain size) that is small compared with the gage length in ordinary strain measurements. They are not detectable by dissection methods, but can sometimes be measured from line shift or line broadening in an x-ray diffraction pattern. 與普通應(yīng)變測量中的標(biāo)距相比，從拉伸到壓縮的距離（大概接近晶粒尺寸）較小的殘余應(yīng)力。它們無法通過解剖方法檢測到，但有時可以通過x射線衍射圖案中的線位移或線加寬來測量。 |
| Poisson’s ratio (ν) | 泊松比（ν） |
The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral) strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material. 橫向（側(cè)向）應(yīng)變與相應(yīng)軸向應(yīng)變之比的絕對值，該比值由低于材料比例極限的均勻分布的軸向應(yīng)力產(chǎn)生。 |
| Pitting | 點蝕 |
In tribology, a type of wear characterized by the presence of small, sharp surface cavities formed by processes such as fatigue, local adhesion, wear, corrosion, or cavitation. 在摩擦學(xué)中的一種磨損，其特征是存在由疲勞、局部粘附、磨損、腐蝕或空穴等過程形成的小而尖銳的表面空穴。 |
| Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd) | 硬化鏡硬度值（HSc或HSd） |
A number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped on the material being tested. It is measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a quenched(to maximum hardness) and untempered AISI W5 tool steel test block. 與落在被測材料上的菱形錘的回彈高度相關(guān)的數(shù)字。通過將錘子從淬火（達(dá)到最大硬度）和未淬火的AISI W5工具鋼試塊上的平均回彈分為100個單位來測量。 |
| Anelastic | 無彈性 |
Literally ‘not elastic’, but in practice used for materials that display timedependent recovery on unloading. 字面意思是“沒有彈性”，但實際上用于在卸載時顯示隨時間恢復(fù)的材料。 |
| Finishing temperature | 終軋溫度 |
The temperature at which hot working is completed. 完成熱加工的溫度。 |
| Total carbon | 總碳 |
The sum of the free and combined carbon (including carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy. 鐵合金中游離碳和結(jié)合碳（包括溶液中的碳）的總和。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋轉(zhuǎn)閥 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一種圓柱形或錐形塞，其中有一個橫向孔，當(dāng)該孔與相鄰管道對齊時，流體可通過該孔流動。 |
| Fit | 裝配 |
The general term used to signify the range of tightness which may result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of mating parts. 通用術(shù)語，用于表示配合零件設(shè)計中公差和公差的特定組合可能導(dǎo)致的緊密性范圍。 |
| Absolute expansion | 絕對擴(kuò)張 |
The true volumetric expansion of a liquid with temperature, after account is taken of any expansion of the container in which it is held. 考慮到容納液體的容器的任何膨脹后，液體隨溫度的真實體積膨脹。 |
| Angle of contact | 接觸角 |
(Unit °) The angle subtended at the centre of a pulley or sprocket wheel by the circumferential contact of a belt or chain. （單位°）皮帶或鏈條的圓周接觸在皮帶輪或鏈輪的中心所對的角度。 |
| Tribology | 摩擦學(xué) |
The science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion. 與相對運動中相互作用的表面有關(guān)的科學(xué)和技術(shù)。 |
| Root diameter (Unit m) | 根部直徑（單位：m） |
The diameter of the circle passing through the roots of teeth in gear teeth or screw threads. 穿過齒輪齒或螺紋中齒根的圓的直徑。 |
| Static fatigue | 靜態(tài)疲勞 |
A term referring to a time-dependent reduction in strength with a static (noncyclic) load. The term may refer to hydrogen-induced delayed cracking or the effect of creep on the strength of plastics. Delayed fracture caused by environmental effects under dead-weight loading of materials such as glass. The name is unfortunate, as cyclic loads are not involved and glass is not susceptible to fatigue. 指靜態(tài)（非循環(huán)）載荷下強(qiáng)度隨時間變化的降低。該術(shù)語可指氫致延遲開裂或蠕變對塑料強(qiáng)度的影響。在玻璃等材料的自重荷載下，由環(huán)境影響引起的延遲斷裂。 |
| Case hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of the two and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The processes commonly used are carburizing and quench hardening; cyaniding; nitriding; and carbonitriding. The use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一個通用術(shù)語，涵蓋適用于鋼的幾種工藝，這些工藝通過吸收碳、氮或二者的混合物改變表層的化學(xué)成分，并通過擴(kuò)散形成濃度梯度。常用的工藝有滲碳和淬火硬化，氰化，氮化以及碳氮共滲。優(yōu)選使用適用的特定工藝名稱。 |
| Atmosphere | 大氣 |
1. (atm) An obsolete (non-SI) unit of pressure equal to 101 325 Pa or 1.013 25 bar and approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) measured at mean sea level. 1.（atm）一種已被淘汰的（非SI）壓力單位，等于101325Pa或1.01325bar，大約等于在平均海平面測量的大氣壓力（大氣壓）。 |
| Double tempering | 雙回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一種處理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金屬經(jīng)過兩個完整的回火循環(huán)，通常在基本相同的溫度下，以確保完成回火反應(yīng)并提高所得微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性。 |
| Failure of the joint | 連接失效 |
Failure of a bolted joint to behave as intended by the designer. Failure can be caused or accompanied by broken or lost bolts, but can also mean joint slip or leakage from a gasketed joint even if all bolts still remain whole and in place. Common reasons for joint failure include vibration loosening, poor assembly practices, improper design, unexpected service loads or conditions, etc. 螺栓連接未達(dá)到設(shè)計者的預(yù)期性能。故障可能由螺栓斷裂或丟失引起或伴隨而來，但也可能意味著即使所有螺栓仍保持完整和就位，也存在接頭滑動或墊圈接頭泄漏。接頭故障的常見原因包括振動松動、裝配不當(dāng)、設(shè)計不當(dāng)、意外的工作負(fù)載或條件等。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲勞循環(huán)中應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子的最大值。 |
| Nano machining | 納米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| Fibreglass | 玻璃纖維 |
Fibreglass is used in studs and nuts for applications when the fastener should be non-corrosive, low in conductivity, or transparent to electromagnetic waves. 當(dāng)緊固件應(yīng)無腐蝕性、低導(dǎo)電性或?qū)﹄姶挪ㄍ该鲿r，玻璃纖維用于螺柱和螺母中。 |
| Wind velocity (Unit m/s) | 風(fēng)速（單位：m/s） |
1. In the Earth’s atmosphere, a vector quantity that quantifies both the magnitude of the wind speed and its direction at a given altitude and location, conveniently represented in the hodograph plane. For convenience, the unit kph is often used. It could in principle also include information about large- and small-scale unsteadiness. Spatial variation in wind velocity, either with altitude or in a horizontal plane, is termed wind shear. 2. The airspeed in the working section of a wind tunnel. 1.在地球大氣層中，一種矢量量，用于量化給定高度和位置處的風(fēng)速大小及其方向，方便地用速度計平面表示。為方便起見，通常使用單位kph。原則上，它還可以包括關(guān)于大尺度和小尺度不穩(wěn)定性的信息。風(fēng)速隨高度或水平面的空間變化稱為風(fēng)切變。2.風(fēng)洞工作段的空速。 |
| Vacuum pump | 真空泵 |
A pump for exhausting air and non-condensable gases from a vessel to be maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure. The pirani and thermal-conductivity gauges are vacuum gauges used to measure the absolute pressure within a vacuum system (vacuum level), usually expressed in torr or Pa. 用于從容器中排出空氣和不凝性氣體以保持在亞大氣壓的泵。皮拉尼和熱導(dǎo)率計是用于測量真空系統(tǒng)內(nèi)絕對壓力（真空水平）的真空計，通常用托或帕表示。 |
| Dynamic load (Unit N) | 動態(tài)負(fù)載（單位N） |
1. Loading of a component or structure by a moving object whose point of application changes with time, e.g. the live load of a train passing over a bridge. 2. A load applied to a particular part of a component or structure in a short time interval. 1. 應(yīng)用點隨時間變化的移動物體對部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的加載，例如通過橋梁的火車的活荷載。2. 在短時間內(nèi)施加到部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的特定部分的載荷。 |
| Combustion | 燃燒氧化 |
An exothermic chemical reaction in which a fuel and an oxidant, typically air, react together to release a significant quantity of thermal energy in the presence of a flame. In the case of fluid fuels, ignition may be from an electric spark or compression of the 一種放熱化學(xué)反應(yīng)，其中燃料和氧化劑（通常是空氣）一起反應(yīng)，在火焰存在的情況下釋放大量熱能。 |
| Pressure snubber | 壓力緩沖器 |
(pressure-pulse snubber) A device used for filtering, dampening, and the protection of transducers, pressure gauges, and switches, from pressure surges, pressure spikes, and water hammer. A typical design uses a fixed mesh or porous metal disc installed in an inline body. In a piston-type pressure-gauge snubber, a piston is forced against an orifice leading to the gauge. （壓力脈沖緩沖器）一種用于過濾、阻尼和保護(hù)傳感器、壓力表和開關(guān)免受壓力浪涌、壓力尖峰和水錘影響的裝置。典型的設(shè)計使用安裝在內(nèi)聯(lián)閥體中的固定網(wǎng)格或多孔金屬盤。在活塞式壓力表緩沖器中，活塞被壓靠在通向壓力表的孔口上。 |
| Available resource | 可用資源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （總資源）（單位J）理論上可從可再生能源（例如海浪、風(fēng)或總?cè)肷涮柲埽┇@得的年度總能量。 |
| Alloying element | 合金元素 |
Component added deliberately with the aim of improving the properties of an alloy. Alloying elements can affect the existence range of equilibrium phases present in an unalloyed material, or lead to the occurrence of new phases, or both. In addition, alloying elements strongly affect the kinetics of phase transformations and thus the microstructure formation in alloyed materials. 為改善合金性能而有意添加的成分。合金元素可以影響非合金材料中存在的平衡相的存在范圍，或?qū)е滦孪嗟某霈F(xiàn)，或兩者兼而有之。此外，合金元素強(qiáng)烈影響相變動力學(xué)，從而影響合金材料的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)形成。 |
| Wrist | 腕關(guān)節(jié) |
The final three joints on a robot which simulate rotations provided by the human wrist and thus allow orientation of the end effector to which it is attached by the wrist socket. 機(jī)器人上的最后三個關(guān)節(jié)，模擬人類手腕提供的旋轉(zhuǎn)，從而允許其通過手腕插座連接到的末端執(zhí)行器的方向。 |
| Grain coarsening | 晶粒粗化 |
A heat treatment that produces excessively large austenitic grains. 產(chǎn)生過大奧氏體晶粒的熱處理。 |
| Air conditioning | 空調(diào) |
The process of controlling the temperature and humidity in rooms, buildings, aircraft, passenger vehicles, etc. More generally it includes control of dust, levels of radiant heat, etc. 控制房間、建筑物、飛機(jī)、客運車輛等的溫度和濕度的過程。更一般地說，它包括控制灰塵、輻射熱水平等。 |
| Working pressure (Unit Pa) | 工作壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure at which a pressure vessel, such as a boiler, is designed to operate under normal conditions. 壓力容器（如鍋爐）設(shè)計用于在正常條件下運行的壓力。 |
| Wrinkling | 起皺 |
A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations when unbalanced compressive forces are set up. 在金屬板深沖過程中，在法蘭邊緣和拉深半徑之間的金屬區(qū)域內(nèi)獲得的波浪狀狀態(tài)。當(dāng)設(shè)置不平衡壓縮力時，在其他成形操作中也可能發(fā)生起皺。 |
| Range of stress (Sr) | 應(yīng)力范圍（Sr） |
The algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle—that is, Sr?= Smax?– Smin 一個循環(huán)中最大和最小應(yīng)力之間的代數(shù)差，即Sr=Smax–Smin |
| Machine | 機(jī)器 |
A mechanism that transmits power in the performance of a useful task. More than one machine in one place, either connected or performing separate functions, is termed machinery. 在執(zhí)行有用任務(wù)時傳遞能量的機(jī)制。一個地方有一臺以上的連接或執(zhí)行單獨的功能，稱為機(jī)器。 |
| Degradation of energy | 能源退化 |
Conversion of energy into forms of lower usefulness due to irreversibilities in energy transfer and conversion processes. The increase in entropy can be regarded as a measure of the degradation of energy. 由于能量轉(zhuǎn)移和轉(zhuǎn)換過程中的不可逆性，將能量轉(zhuǎn)換為低效形式。熵的增加可以看作是能量退化的量度。 |
| Relaxation | 松弛 |
The loss of tension, and therefore Clamping force, in a bolt and joint as a result of Embedment, vibration loosening, gasket creep, differential thermal expansion, etc. 由于嵌入、振動松動、墊圈蠕變、熱膨脹差等原因，螺栓和接頭中的張力損失，因此夾緊力損失。 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 鋼或鑄鐵中的游離碳。 |
| Actual value | 實際價值 |
The output of a plant that is being controlled, i.e. the controlled variable. Not directly accessible by the control system, as it can only be measured by a sensor which may distort the measurement. 受控設(shè)備的輸出，即受控變量?？刂葡到y(tǒng)不能直接訪問，因為它只能由可能會扭曲測量結(jié)果的傳感器測量。 |
| Corrosion fatigue | 腐蝕疲勞 |
Cracking produced by the combined action of repeated or fluctuating stress and a corrosive environment at lower stress levels or fewer cycles than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment. 由重復(fù)或波動的應(yīng)力和腐蝕環(huán)境的聯(lián)合作用產(chǎn)生的開裂，其應(yīng)力水平低于沒有腐蝕環(huán)境時所需的應(yīng)力水平或循環(huán)次數(shù)更少。 |
| Transfer machines | 轉(zhuǎn)印機(jī) |
These specialized machine tools are used to perform various machining operations on parts or parts in fixtures as the parts are moved along on an automatic conveyor which is part of the machine tool set-up. In a set-up, the parts can move in a straight line from their entry point to their exit point, or the setup may be constructed in a U-shape so that the parts are expelled near where they start. 當(dāng)零件在自動輸送機(jī)上移動時，這些專用機(jī)床用于對零件或夾具中的零件執(zhí)行各種加工操作，自動輸送機(jī)是機(jī)床設(shè)置的一部分。在設(shè)置中，零件可以從其入口點直線移動到其出口點，或者設(shè)置可以構(gòu)造為U形，以便零件在其起點附近排出。 |
| Blueing | 發(fā)藍(lán) |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 應(yīng)用藍(lán)色染料（“工程師藍(lán)”）來識別接觸表面上的高點，或用于標(biāo)記。 |
| Vibration | 振動 |
1. A periodic change with time of the displacements of elements making up a component or structure. 2. The study of the oscillatory motion of bodies and systems and the frequencies, amplitudes, and forces associated with them. 1.組成部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的元件位移隨時間的周期性變化。2.研究物體和系統(tǒng)的振蕩運動以及與之相關(guān)的頻率、振幅和力的學(xué)科。 |
| Secondary stresses (Unit Pa) | 二次應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
Stresses different from those induced by the major loading but nevertheless resulting from the major loads; for example, the hoop stresses that occur around the circumference of barrelled compression testpieces and forgings. 與主要荷載引起的應(yīng)力不同，但主要荷載產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力；例如，桶裝壓縮試件和鍛件周圍產(chǎn)生的環(huán)向應(yīng)力。 |
| Vacuum relief valve | 真空安全閥 |
A valve that admits gas to a system under vacuum, should the degree of vacuum become excessive. 如果真空度過高，允許氣體在真空下進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)的閥門。 |
| Circlip | 卡簧 |
(snap ring) An external or internal retaining ring that locates parts of circular cross section in an axial direction. It consists of an incomplete ring, with holes on either side of the gap, that may be expanded by a plier-like tool to pass into a groove in a shaft or contracted to pass into a groove in a bore. （卡環(huán)）在軸向定位圓形橫截面部分的外部或內(nèi)部保持環(huán)。它由一個不完整的環(huán)組成，在間隙的任一側(cè)都有孔，可以通過鉗形工具將其擴(kuò)展以進(jìn)入軸中的凹槽或收縮以進(jìn)入孔中的凹槽。 |
| Maximum stress (Smax) | 最大應(yīng)力（Smax） |
The stress having the highest algebraic value in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly. 在應(yīng)力循環(huán)中具有最高代數(shù)值的應(yīng)力，拉應(yīng)力被認(rèn)為是正的，壓應(yīng)力被認(rèn)為是負(fù)的。名義應(yīng)力是最常用的。 |
| Structural-integrity analysis | 結(jié)構(gòu)完整性分析 |
Assessment of components and structures for likelihood of failure by buckling, fracture, yielding, etc. under conditions of normal and accident loading. 在正常和事故荷載條件下，評估部件和結(jié)構(gòu)因屈曲、斷裂、屈服等而失效的可能性。 |
| Slot | 狹槽 |
A groove machined into a component, e.g. to allow for thermal expansion, or in which the tongue or tip of another component can fit or slide. 在部件上加工的凹槽，例如，允許熱膨脹，或另一部件的榫舌或尖端可在其中安裝或滑動。 |
| Compressometer | 壓力計 |
Instrument for measuring change in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in compression testing of metal specimens. 用于測量在給定標(biāo)距上由施加或移除力引起的長度變化的儀器。常用于金屬試樣的壓縮試驗。 |
| Yield strength | 屈服強(qiáng)度 |
That stress level which will create a permanent deformation of 0.2% or 0.5% or some other small, preselected, amount in a body.? Approximately equal to the elastic and proportional limits of the material; a little higher than the proof strength of a bolt. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. 該應(yīng)力水平將在物體中產(chǎn)生0.2%或0.5%的永久變形，或其他一些小的、預(yù)先選定的量。近似等于材料的彈性和比例極限；略高于螺栓的強(qiáng)度。材料表現(xiàn)出與應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變比例的特定偏差的應(yīng)力。許多金屬使用0.2%的偏移量。 |
| Pulse | 脈沖 |
An increase or decrease in the magnitude of a physical quantity, such as pressure, voltage, or force, with a time scale short compared with other time scales in a process, after which there is a return to the original level. 物理量的大小的增加或減少，如壓力、電壓或力，與過程中的其他時間尺度相比，時間尺度較短，之后返回到原始水平。 |
| Water quenching | 水淬 |
A quench in which water is the quenching medium. The major disadvantage of water quenching is its poor efficiency at the beginning or hot stage of the quenching process. 以水為淬火介質(zhì)的淬火。水淬的主要缺點是在淬火過程的開始或熱階段效率低。 |
| Multiple threaded screw | 多螺紋螺釘 |
A screw with two or more threads cut around the periphery of the workpiece to provide an increased lead with a specified pitch. 一種螺釘，具有圍繞工件周邊切割的兩個或多個螺紋，以提供具有指定螺距的增加的導(dǎo)程。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 將冷加工的有色金屬合金軟化到規(guī)定的硬度或抗拉強(qiáng)度水平的最終局部退火。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 鏈條尺寸標(biāo)注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程圖紙上，其中一個尺寸的終點是下一個的起點。平行尺寸標(biāo)注是首選，因為鏈尺寸標(biāo)注可能導(dǎo)致公差累積。 |
| Vibrograph | 示振器 |
An instrument that records vibrations in a system over time. 記錄系統(tǒng)隨時間變化的振動的儀器。 |
| Q-factor | 品質(zhì)因素 |
(quality factor, sharpness of resonance) A non-dimensional parameter that describes, for a given resonant mode, the sharpness of the peak in the frequency response of a lightly-damped linear oscillator: Q = ωRES/Δω where ωRES?is the resonance frequency and Δω is the half-power bandwidth of the resonance. It is inversely related to the damping such that a broad peak corresponds to high damping and a narrow peak to low damping. （品質(zhì)因數(shù)，共振尖銳度）一個無量綱參數(shù)，用于描述給定共振模式下，輕阻尼線性振蕩器頻率響應(yīng)峰值的尖銳度：Q=ωRES/Δω，其中ωRES是共振頻率，Δω是共振的半功率帶寬。它與阻尼成反比，因此寬峰值對應(yīng)于高阻尼，窄峰值對應(yīng)于低阻尼。 |
| Thermal analysis | 熱分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一種通過記錄發(fā)生熱阻的溫度來確定金屬轉(zhuǎn)變的方法。這些阻力表現(xiàn)為繪制或機(jī)械追蹤的加熱和冷卻曲線斜率的變化。當(dāng)這些數(shù)據(jù)在加熱和冷卻的近似平衡條件下得到保證時，該方法通常用于確定構(gòu)建平衡圖所需的某些臨界溫度。 |
| Radial load (Unit N) | 徑向負(fù)荷（單位：N） |
1. Centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) The radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. There will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋轉(zhuǎn)體中產(chǎn)生的離心載荷。2.（貫穿壁厚載荷）由封閉容器的內(nèi)部或外部加壓產(chǎn)生的載荷的徑向分量。還存在軸向和環(huán)向載荷。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 熱效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 對于熱機(jī)或熱力循環(huán)，凈功輸出與系統(tǒng)凈熱輸入的比率。 |
| Clearance angle | 后角 |
(relief angle) (Unit °) The angle between the underneath or flank of a cutting tool and the machined surface. （后角）（單位°）切削刀具的底部或側(cè)面與加工表面之間的角度。 |
| Actual power | 實際功率 |
(actual horsepower) (Unit W or hp) The power delivered at the output shaft of an engine, before subsequent transmission through a gearbox etc. （實際馬力）（單位W或hp）在隨后通過變速箱等傳輸之前，在發(fā)動機(jī)輸出軸上傳遞的功率。 |
| Taper pins | 圓錐銷 |
A pin or peg of circular cross section that tapers along its length. Steel pins used for locating and holding the machine parts in position on a shaft. 沿其長度逐漸變細(xì)的圓形橫截面的銷釘或銷釘。用于在軸上定位和固定機(jī)器零件的鋼銷。 |
| Carburizing | 滲碳 |
Absorption and diffusion of carbon into solid ferrous alloys by heating, to a temperature usually above Ac3, in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material. A form of case hardening that produces a carbon gradient extending inward from the surface, enabling the surface layer to be hardened either by quenching directly from the carburizing temperature or by cooling to room temperature, then reaustenitizing and quenching. 通過與合適的含碳材料接觸加熱至通常高于Ac3的溫度，將碳吸收和擴(kuò)散到固體鐵合金中。一種表面硬化形式，產(chǎn)生從表面向內(nèi)延伸的碳梯度，通過直接從滲碳溫度淬火或冷卻至室溫，然后重新奧氏體化和淬火，使表層硬化。 |
| Bearing area | 承載面積 |
The product of the pin (or hole) diameter and specimen thickness in a bearing test. (bearing surface) (Unit m2) The projected area of a hole, such as a rivet hole, that carries a transverse load. 軸承測試中銷（或孔）直徑和試樣厚度的乘積。（承載面）（單位m2）承載橫向載荷的孔（例如鉚釘孔）的投影面積。 |
| Plane strain | 平面應(yīng)變 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (i.e., parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中的應(yīng)力條件，其中在垂直于施加拉應(yīng)力軸和裂紋擴(kuò)展方向（即平行于裂紋前沿）的方向上存在零應(yīng)變；最接近于沿平行于板表面的方向加載厚板。在平面應(yīng)變條件下，斷裂失穩(wěn)平面垂直于主拉應(yīng)力軸。 |
| Tensometer | 拉力計 |
A bench-top device, used to perform tension and compression tests. 用于進(jìn)行拉伸和壓縮試驗的臺式裝置。 |
| Fracture mechanisms | 斷裂機(jī)制 |
The microstructural mechanisms that cause fracture, such as void initiation, growth and coalescence, cleavage. 導(dǎo)致斷裂的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)制，如空隙的萌生、生長和聚結(jié)、解理。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷擠壓 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用簡單的術(shù)語來說，冷擠壓可以定義為迫使未加熱的金屬流過成形模具。這是一種通過在室溫下壓縮使金屬塑性變形來成形金屬的方法，同時金屬處于由工具形成的模腔中。金屬至少在一個方向上從模具中流出，并具有所需的橫截面輪廓，這是由工具產(chǎn)生的孔口所允許的。冷擠壓總是在遠(yuǎn)低于金屬再結(jié)晶溫度的溫度下進(jìn)行（鋼約1100至1300華氏度），因此總是發(fā)生加工硬化。在熱擠壓中，再結(jié)晶消除了加工硬化的影響，除非擠壓的快速冷卻阻止再結(jié)晶完成。 |
| Diffusion coating | 擴(kuò)散涂層 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金屬上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂層。涂層是通過在高溫下加熱與粉末、液體或氣體形式的合金接觸的金屬，從而使涂層的原子擴(kuò)散到基體中而產(chǎn)生的。實例包括基底上的鉻、鋁或硅，如鎳基高溫合金、鋼和耐火金屬。 |
| Two-stroke engine | 二沖程發(fā)動機(jī) |
(two-cycle engine) A petrol or diesel engine in which an air/fuel charge is introduced through an induction port, compressed and burned, expanded and then exhausted through an exhaust port. The two ports in the cylinder wall are opened and closed by the piston. There are two strokes in each revolution of the crankshaft. In total-loss lubrication petrol engines, the lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel. （雙循環(huán)發(fā)動機(jī)）一種汽油或柴油發(fā)動機(jī)，其中空氣/燃料通過進(jìn)氣口引入，壓縮和燃燒，膨脹，然后通過排氣口排出。氣缸壁上的兩個口由活塞打開和關(guān)閉。曲軸每轉(zhuǎn)一圈有兩個沖程。在全失潤滑汽油發(fā)動機(jī)中，潤滑油與燃油混合。 |
| Stress factor | 應(yīng)力因子 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. It is the ratio between the change in ultrasonic transit time caused by the change in length of the fastener, under load, to the total change in transit time. 用于螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變超聲波測量的校準(zhǔn)常數(shù)。它是由緊固件長度變化引起的超聲波傳輸時間變化與總傳輸時間變化之間的比率。 |
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