| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Eutectic | 共晶 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectic point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectic reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應(yīng)，其中液體溶液在冷卻時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數(shù)量與系統(tǒng)中組分的數(shù)量相同。（2）一種合金，其成分由平衡圖上的共晶點(diǎn)表示。（3）由共晶反應(yīng)形成的混合固體成分的合金結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Pressure snubber | 壓力緩沖器 |
(pressure-pulse snubber) A device used for filtering, dampening, and the protection of transducers, pressure gauges, and switches, from pressure surges, pressure spikes, and water hammer. A typical design uses a fixed mesh or porous metal disc installed in an inline body. In a piston-type pressure-gauge snubber, a piston is forced against an orifice leading to the gauge. （壓力脈沖緩沖器）一種用于過濾、阻尼和保護(hù)傳感器、壓力表和開關(guān)免受壓力浪涌、壓力尖峰和水錘影響的裝置。典型的設(shè)計(jì)使用安裝在內(nèi)聯(lián)閥體中的固定網(wǎng)格或多孔金屬盤。在活塞式壓力表緩沖器中，活塞被壓靠在通向壓力表的孔口上。 |
| Caustic cracking | 苛性開裂 |
A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250 °C (400 to 480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement. 在200至250°C（400至480°F）的溫度下暴露于濃氫氧化物溶液中的碳鋼或鐵鉻鎳合金中最常遇到的一種應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂形式。也稱為堿脆。 |
| Population | 集合 |
The hypothetical collection of all possible test specimens that could be prepared in the specified way from the material under consideration. Also known as universe. 從所考慮的材料中以規(guī)定方式制備的所有可能試樣的假設(shè)集合。也稱為體系。 |
| Tensile stress (Unit Pa) | 拉應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on either side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart. A stress that tends to stretch a component, or local region of a component, when under load. In simple tension it results from the applied axial load, but tensile stresses occur in bending, torsion and other forms of loading. 一種應(yīng)力，使彈性體的兩個(gè)部分在典型應(yīng)力平面的任一側(cè)分離。在負(fù)載下，傾向于拉伸部件或部件局部區(qū)域的應(yīng)力。在簡單拉伸中，它由施加的軸向載荷產(chǎn)生，但拉伸應(yīng)力發(fā)生在彎曲、扭轉(zhuǎn)和其他形式的載荷中。 |
| Turbomachine | 渦輪機(jī)械 |
(rotodynamic machine) A machine in which there is a transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid and a component, called a rotor, rotating about a fixed axis. Fans and turbines (gas, hydraulic, steam, or wind) are turbomachines in which energy is transferred to the rotor, causing it to rotate. Pumps and compressors are turbomachines in which energy is transferred from the externally driven rotor to the fluid. （旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)力機(jī)器）在連續(xù)的流體流和繞固定軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的部件（稱為轉(zhuǎn)子）之間進(jìn)行能量傳遞的機(jī)器。風(fēng)扇和渦輪機(jī)（燃?xì)?、液壓、蒸汽或風(fēng)力）是渦輪機(jī)械，其中能量傳遞到轉(zhuǎn)子，使其旋轉(zhuǎn)。泵和壓縮機(jī)是渦輪機(jī)械，其中能量從外部驅(qū)動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)子傳遞到流體。 |
| Tensile strength (Unit Pa) | 抗拉強(qiáng)度（單位Pa） |
In tension testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area. Also known as ultimate strength. The resistance that a material offers to tensile stress. It is defined as the smallest tensile stress required to break the body. ?(ultimate strength, ultimate tensile strength, UTS, Rm, Rm) The nominal or engineering stress given by the maximum load in a tension test divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. The maximum load could be the fracture load for a brittle material, but for a ductile material it is usually taken as the load at which necking begins, beyond which the load falls. 在拉伸試驗(yàn)中，最大載荷與原始橫截面積之比。也稱為極限強(qiáng)度。材料對拉伸應(yīng)力的抵抗力。它被定義為破壞主體所需的最小拉伸應(yīng)力。（極限強(qiáng)度、極限抗拉強(qiáng)度、UTS、Rm、Rm）拉伸試驗(yàn)中最大載荷除以試樣原始橫截面積得出的標(biāo)稱或工程應(yīng)力。對于脆性材料，最大載荷可以是斷裂載荷，但對于韌性材料，最大荷載通常被視為頸縮開始時(shí)的載荷，超過該載荷時(shí)，載荷下降。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸試驗(yàn)（拉力試驗(yàn)） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一種試驗(yàn)，在這種試驗(yàn)中，精密加工的拉伸試樣（拉伸試件）的橫截面通常為圓形或矩形，具有在試驗(yàn)機(jī)中夾緊的大端部，受到越來越大的拉伸載荷，通常達(dá)到斷裂點(diǎn)，以產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線，從中可以看出彈性模量、比例極限等材料特性，可以確定驗(yàn)證應(yīng)力、屈服點(diǎn)和極限拉伸應(yīng)力。相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為ISO 6892-1。 |
| Connecting rod | 連桿 |
(con rod) A link that transmits power from one system to another, often changing linear to rotary motion, as in the rod connecting the piston to the crankshaft in a reciprocating compressor or pump or to the crankshaft in an internal-combustion engine, as in the diagram. The big end (bottom end) is the larger end that connects to the bearing on one of the crankpins of the crankshaft. The little end (small end) is joined by a gudgeon pin to the piston. （連桿）將動(dòng)力從一個(gè)系統(tǒng)傳遞到另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的連桿，通常由線性運(yùn)動(dòng)變?yōu)樾D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，如圖所示，連桿將活塞連接到往復(fù)式壓縮機(jī)或泵的曲軸或內(nèi)燃機(jī)的曲軸上。大端（底端）是連接到曲軸一個(gè)曲柄銷上軸承的大端。小端（小端）通過活塞銷連接到活塞上。 |
| Controlled cooling | 控制冷卻 |
Cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner, to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal damage, or to produce desired microstructure or mechanical properties. 以預(yù)定方式從升高的溫度冷卻，以避免硬化、開裂或內(nèi)部損壞，或產(chǎn)生所需的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)或機(jī)械性能。 |
| Temporal decomposition | 時(shí)間分解 |
The splitting of a control problem into parts with relatively short and long time constant so that different controllers may be used for the different parts. 將控制問題分解為具有相對較短和較長時(shí)間常數(shù)的部分，以便不同的部分可以使用不同的控制器。 |
| Blade compressor | 葉片式壓縮機(jī) |
An oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. Air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一種無油雙作用旋轉(zhuǎn)式壓縮機(jī)，其中連接到旋轉(zhuǎn)外殼內(nèi)表面的傾斜葉片穿過圓盤上的槽，該槽繞垂直于外殼的軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，但偏離外殼。空氣通過殼體中的孔進(jìn)入，并通過殼體的端口離開。 |
| Fin | 翼 |
A thin projecting rib. 一根細(xì)長的凸肋。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺紋 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺紋加工是一種通過使用實(shí)心或自開模具在圓柱形或錐形表面上切削外螺紋的加工工藝。模具螺紋加工是一種比滾絲加工更慢的外螺紋加工方法，但它比車床中的單點(diǎn)螺紋加工要快。 |
| Case hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of the two and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The processes commonly used are carburizing and quench hardening; cyaniding; nitriding; and carbonitriding. The use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一個(gè)通用術(shù)語，涵蓋適用于鋼的幾種工藝，這些工藝通過吸收碳、氮或二者的混合物改變表層的化學(xué)成分，并通過擴(kuò)散形成濃度梯度。常用的工藝有滲碳和淬火硬化，氰化，氮化以及碳氮共滲。優(yōu)選使用適用的特定工藝名稱。 |
| Static equilibrium | 靜態(tài)平衡 |
A solid body, structure, or physical system (or any subdivided part) will be in static equilibrium, either at rest or moving with constant velocity, if the resultants of all external forces and moments acting on it are zero. 如果作用在固體上的所有外力和力矩的合力為零，則固體、結(jié)構(gòu)或物理系統(tǒng)（或任何細(xì)分部分）無論是靜止還是以恒定速度移動(dòng)，都是處于靜態(tài)平衡。 |
| Torque control | 扭矩控制 |
A system of optimizing rotor speed for a variable-speed wind turbine by controlling the torque demands of the generator. 通過控制發(fā)電機(jī)的扭矩需求來優(yōu)化變速風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子速度的系統(tǒng)。 |
| Failure of the joint | 連接失效 |
Failure of a bolted joint to behave as intended by the designer. Failure can be caused or accompanied by broken or lost bolts, but can also mean joint slip or leakage from a gasketed joint even if all bolts still remain whole and in place. Common reasons for joint failure include vibration loosening, poor assembly practices, improper design, unexpected service loads or conditions, etc. 螺栓連接未達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)者的預(yù)期性能。故障可能由螺栓斷裂或丟失引起或伴隨而來，但也可能意味著即使所有螺栓仍保持完整和就位，也存在接頭滑動(dòng)或墊圈接頭泄漏。接頭故障的常見原因包括振動(dòng)松動(dòng)、裝配不當(dāng)、設(shè)計(jì)不當(dāng)、意外的工作負(fù)載或條件等。 |
| Clearance angle | 后角 |
(relief angle) (Unit °) The angle between the underneath or flank of a cutting tool and the machined surface. （后角）（單位°）切削刀具的底部或側(cè)面與加工表面之間的角度。 |
| Stress-concentration factor (Kt) | 應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)（Kt） |
A multiplying factor for applied stress that allows for the presence of a structural discontinuity such as a notch or hole; Kt?equals the ratio of the greatest stress in the region of the discontinuity to the nominal stress for the entire section. Also known as theoretical stress-concentration factor. 施加應(yīng)力的倍增系數(shù)，允許存在結(jié)構(gòu)不連續(xù)性，如缺口或孔；Kt等于不連續(xù)區(qū)域的最大應(yīng)力與整個(gè)截面的標(biāo)稱應(yīng)力之比。也稱為理論應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)。 |
| Tensiometer | 張力計(jì) |
An instrument used to measure surface tension. 用來測量表面張力的儀器。 |
| Nanomanufacturing | 納米制造 |
1. The manufacture of nanoscale materials. 2. The manufacture of components or devices that have critical dimensions of order 1 nm. 1.納米材料的制造。2.具有1nm級(jí)臨界尺寸的部件或裝置的制造。 |
| Double aging | 雙級(jí)時(shí)效 |
Employment of two different aging treatments to control the type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in order to obtain the desired properties. The first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at higher temperature than the second. 采用兩種不同的時(shí)效處理來控制由過飽和基質(zhì)形成的沉淀物類型，以獲得所需的性能。第一次時(shí)效處理，有時(shí)稱為中間處理或穩(wěn)定處理，通常在比第二次更高的溫度下進(jìn)行。 |
| Lock nut | 鎖緊螺母 |
A type of nut that is prevented from loosening under vibration. The locking action is accomplished by squeezing, gripping or jamming against the bolt threads. A nut which provides extra resistance to vibration loosening (beyond that produced by proper Preload ), either by providing some form of Prevailing torque, or, in free-spinning lock nuts, by deforming, cramping, or biting into mating parts when fully tightened. 1. A thin auxiliary nut tightened against another nut to prevent loosening. 2. A single nut with special features that prevent loosening. 一種在振動(dòng)下防止松動(dòng)的螺母。鎖定動(dòng)作通過擠壓、夾緊或卡住螺栓螺紋來完成。通過提供某種形式的主要扭矩，或在自由旋轉(zhuǎn)鎖緊螺母中，通過完全擰緊時(shí)變形、夾緊或咬入配合零件，提供額外的抗振動(dòng)松動(dòng)能力（超出適當(dāng)預(yù)載產(chǎn)生的能力）。1.一個(gè)薄的輔助螺母，擰緊到另一個(gè)螺母上以防止松動(dòng)。2.具有防止松動(dòng)的特殊功能的單個(gè)螺母。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛頓內(nèi)摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 兩個(gè)平行流體層之間的剪切應(yīng)力與其中一層相對于另一層的速度成正比，與它們之間的距離成反比。比例常數(shù)是動(dòng)態(tài)粘度μ。對于牛頓流體，μ與壓力梯度、剪切應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變無關(guān)，但可能隨溫度和壓力而變化。 |
| Starting torque (Unit N.m) | 起動(dòng)扭矩（單位：N.m） |
The torque developed by a motor at zero rotational speed in order to initiate rotation of the applied load. 電機(jī)在零轉(zhuǎn)速下產(chǎn)生的扭矩，以啟動(dòng)所施加負(fù)載的旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Sinter (sintering) | 燒結(jié) |
A solid-state diffusion densification process for the production of objects, particularly porous objects, from raw material in powder, granular, mesh, perforatedsheet, or fibre form by heating to a temperature below the melting point until the constituents bond together. It is used for ceramic materials and metals. Applications of sintered materials include filtration, separation, flow control, fluidization, and noise reduction. The bonding of adjacent surfaces in a mass of particles by molecular or atomic attraction on heating at high temperatures below the melting temperature of any constituent in the material. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization. 一種固態(tài)擴(kuò)散致密化工藝，用于從粉末、粒狀、網(wǎng)狀、穿孔片或纖維形式的原材料中生產(chǎn)物體，尤其是多孔物體，方法是加熱至低于熔點(diǎn)的溫度，直到成分結(jié)合在一起。它用于陶瓷材料和金屬。燒結(jié)材料的應(yīng)用包括過濾、分離、流量控制、流化和降噪。在低于材料中任何成分熔化溫度的高溫下加熱時(shí)，通過分子或原子引力將大量顆粒的相鄰表面結(jié)合起來。燒結(jié)增強(qiáng)了粉末質(zhì)量，通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生致密化，在粉末金屬中還會(huì)產(chǎn)生再結(jié)晶。 |
| Ballonet | 氣囊 |
An airbag used in a hybrid airship. Helium gas expels air from the ballonet during ascent. Fans draw air in during descent. 混合動(dòng)力飛艇中使用的安全氣囊。氦氣在上升過程中將空氣從氣囊中排出。風(fēng)扇在下降過程中吸入空氣。 |
| Abelian group | 阿貝爾群 |
Property of a group of elements associated with a binary operation. In an Abelian group, the group elements commute under the binary operation. If a and b are any two group elements and if the (+) sign denotes the binary operation, then, for an Abelian group, 與二元運(yùn)算相關(guān)的一組元素的屬性。在阿貝爾群中，群元素在二元運(yùn)算下交換。如果a和b是任意兩個(gè)群元素并且（+）符號(hào)表示二元運(yùn)算 |
| Median fatigue strength at N cycles | N次循環(huán)的中位疲勞強(qiáng)度 |
An estimate of the stress level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, because there is no test procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at Ncycles can be directly observed. 估計(jì)50%的量在N個(gè)周期內(nèi)生存的壓力水平。該估計(jì)值來自疲勞壽命分布的一個(gè)特定點(diǎn)，因?yàn)闆]有試驗(yàn)程序可以直接觀察N次循環(huán)疲勞強(qiáng)度的頻率分布。 |
| Kinetic energy | 動(dòng)能 |
Energy that an object possesses because it is in motion. It is the energy given to an object to set it in motion. On impact, it is converted into other forms of energy such as strain, heat, sound and light. 物體因運(yùn)動(dòng)而擁有的能量。它是賦予物體使其運(yùn)動(dòng)的能量。撞擊時(shí)，它被轉(zhuǎn)換成其他形式的能量，如應(yīng)變、熱、聲和光。 |
| Ratchet coupling | 棘輪聯(lián)軸器 |
A joint employing a ratchet system between two shafts, so that not only does the driven shaft run in one direction only, but also the driven shaft can, if necessary, run more quickly than the driving shaft. 在兩個(gè)軸之間采用棘輪系統(tǒng)的接頭，這樣不僅從動(dòng)軸只能在一個(gè)方向上運(yùn)行，而且在必要時(shí)，從動(dòng)軸可以比驅(qū)動(dòng)軸運(yùn)行得更快。 |
| Angle of contact | 接觸角 |
(Unit °) The angle subtended at the centre of a pulley or sprocket wheel by the circumferential contact of a belt or chain. （單位°）皮帶或鏈條的圓周接觸在皮帶輪或鏈輪的中心所對的角度。 |
| Atmosphere | 大氣 |
1. (atm) An obsolete (non-SI) unit of pressure equal to 101 325 Pa or 1.013 25 bar and approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) measured at mean sea level. 1.（atm）一種已被淘汰的（非SI）壓力單位，等于101325Pa或1.01325bar，大約等于在平均海平面測量的大氣壓力（大氣壓）。 |
| Fracture mechanics | 斷裂力學(xué) |
The stress analysis of bodies containing cracks. The use of stressconcentration factors and other correction factors of traditional strength of materials is inadequate when flaws are present initially (or develop during loading), since fracture depends not only on stress but also the size of the crack. Traditional strength of materials stress calculations cannot predict either the safe working stress in the presence of a known flaw, or the critical size of flaw just tolerable with a given working stress. 含裂紋物體的應(yīng)力分析。當(dāng)初始存在缺陷（或在加載過程中形成缺陷）時(shí)，使用應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)和傳統(tǒng)材料強(qiáng)度的其他修正系數(shù)是不夠的，因?yàn)閿嗔巡粌H取決于應(yīng)力，還取決于裂紋的大小。傳統(tǒng)的材料強(qiáng)度應(yīng)力計(jì)算既不能預(yù)測已知缺陷存在時(shí)的安全工作應(yīng)力，也不能預(yù)測給定工作應(yīng)力下可容忍的缺陷臨界尺寸。 |
| Fracture mechanisms | 斷裂機(jī)制 |
The microstructural mechanisms that cause fracture, such as void initiation, growth and coalescence, cleavage. 導(dǎo)致斷裂的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)制，如空隙的萌生、生長和聚結(jié)、解理。 |
| Grain refiner | 晶粒細(xì)化機(jī) |
A material added to a molten metal to induce a finer-than-normal grain size in the final structure. 添加到熔融金屬中以在最終結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生比正常晶粒尺寸更細(xì)的材料。 |
| Rotary pump | 旋轉(zhuǎn)泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that pumps a liquid by rotation of internal components, such as a gear pump, lobe pump (similar to a Roots blower), or progressivecavity pump. 通過內(nèi)部部件的旋轉(zhuǎn)來泵送液體的容積泵，如齒輪泵、凸輪泵（類似于羅茨鼓風(fēng)機(jī)）或螺桿泵。 |
| Compressive stress | 壓縮應(yīng)力 |
A stress that causes an elastic body to deform (shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile stress. 使彈性體沿施加載荷方向變形（縮短）的應(yīng)力。與拉應(yīng)力對比。 |
| Gear wheel | 齒輪 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齒輪，特別是用于傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力的共軛齒的齒輪。 |
| Pre-stress | 預(yù)應(yīng)力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或結(jié)構(gòu)承受操作載荷之前，將應(yīng)力引入部件或結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Materials science | 材料科學(xué) |
The study of the properties, behaviour, and application of solid substances such as metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, biomaterials, and semiconductors, at all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. The topic has its origins in metallurgy. 研究金屬、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、復(fù)合材料、生物材料和半導(dǎo)體等固體物質(zhì)的特性、行為和應(yīng)用，涵蓋從原子到宏觀的所有范圍。起源于冶金學(xué)。 |
| Ductility | 延展性 |
The ability of a material to deform plastically before fracturing. Measured by elongation or reduction in area in a tensile test, by height of cupping in a cupping test, or by the radius or angle of bend in a bend test. 材料在斷裂前發(fā)生塑性變形的能力。通過拉伸試驗(yàn)中的伸長率或面積減少量、杯突試驗(yàn)中的杯突高度或彎曲試驗(yàn)中的彎曲半徑或角度來測量。 |
| High strength low alloy steels | 高強(qiáng)度低合金鋼 |
(HSLA steels) Steels with various micro-alloying elements such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, and vanadium in small quantities that give improved strength (as high as 900 MPa) and corrosion properties compared with plain carbon steels. Improvements are due to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, better control of the chemistry during steel making, and accurate rolling temperatures. （HSLA鋼）是含有各種微合金元素的鋼，如少量的銅、鎳、鉻、鉬、鈮、鈦和釩，與普通碳鋼相比，具有更好的強(qiáng)度（高達(dá)900MPa）和腐蝕性能。這些改進(jìn)歸功于晶粒細(xì)化和沉淀硬化、煉鋼過程中更好的化學(xué)控制以及精確的軋制溫度。 |
| Hot stamping | 熱沖壓 |
Hot forging of brass and bronze alloys. 黃銅和青銅合金的熱鍛。 |
| Gear motor | 齒輪馬達(dá) |
Essentially a gear pump run in reverse, in which high-pressure fluid supplied to one side of the casing causes the gears to rotate. 本質(zhì)上是一個(gè)齒輪泵反向運(yùn)行，其中供應(yīng)到外殼一側(cè)的高壓流體導(dǎo)致齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Cap nut | 蓋型螺母 |
A nut with a blind threaded hole, for example a dome nut to cover the end of a bolt. 帶有盲螺紋孔的螺母，例如用于覆蓋螺栓末端的圓頂螺母。 |
| Atom | 原子 |
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a chemical element. The simplest description of an atom (Bohr model) is of a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more orbiting electrons. 具有化學(xué)元素性質(zhì)的最小物質(zhì)單位。原子的最簡單描述（玻爾模型）是由一個(gè)或多個(gè)軌道電子包圍的致密原子核。 |
| Centrifugal pump | 離心泵 |
A pump into which liquid enters axially through the eye of the casing and is then accelerated through an impeller, thereby increasing both its kinetic energy and pressure before being delivered to a ring diffuser (the volute) that further increases the liquid pressure and from which it leaves. 一種泵，液體通過泵殼的眼軸向進(jìn)入，然后通過葉輪加速，從而在輸送到環(huán)形擴(kuò)散器（蝸殼）之前增加其動(dòng)能和壓力，從而進(jìn)一步增加液體壓力并從中流出樹葉。 |
| Transformation temperature | 相變溫度 |
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels. 發(fā)生相位變化的溫度。該術(shù)語有時(shí)用于表示轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的極限溫度。以下符號(hào)用于鋼鐵。 |
| Two-phase flow | 兩相流 |
A flow in which two phases are present, for example gas bubbles in a liquid, liquid bubbles in another liquid with which it is immiscible, solid particles in a liquid or gas. 兩相流動(dòng)，例如液體中的氣泡、與之不混溶的另一種液體中的液體氣泡、液體或氣體中的固體顆粒。 |
| Tightness parameter | 密封參數(shù) |
A dimensionless parameter which defines the mass leakage of a gasket as a functionof contained pressure and a contained fluid constant. 一種無量綱參數(shù)，將墊圈的質(zhì)量泄漏定義為所含壓力和所含流體常數(shù)的函數(shù)。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺絲攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一種杠桿，其中心有一個(gè)可調(diào)節(jié)的方孔，絲錐柄安裝在該孔中，以便施加扭矩以切斷螺紋。 |
| Columnar structure | 柱狀結(jié)構(gòu) |
A coarse structure of parallel elongated grains formed by unidirectional growth, most often observed in castings, but sometimes in structures resulting from diffusional growth accompanied by a solid-state transformation. 由單向生長形成的平行細(xì)長晶粒的粗略結(jié)構(gòu)，最常見于鑄件中，但有時(shí)也出現(xiàn)在伴隨固態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變的擴(kuò)散生長產(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)中。 |
| Torque pack | 扭矩包 |
A geared wrench which multiplies input torque and provides a read-out of output torque. In effect, a combination of a Torque wrench and a Torque multiplier. 一種齒輪扳手，可增加輸入扭矩并提供輸出扭矩讀數(shù)。實(shí)際上，它是扭矩扳手和扭矩倍增器的組合。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夾 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夾，開口銷）大致與字母R形狀相同的線夾。線夾的直線部分穿過鉆在軸或桿上的孔，從而將車輪固定在軸上，或防止軸軸向移動(dòng)。 |
| Computer numerical control (CNC) | 計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控（CNC） |
A term relating to machine tools in which the movements of a tool and/or the workpiece are controlled by computer. 與機(jī)床相關(guān)的術(shù)語，其中工具和/或工件的運(yùn)動(dòng)由計(jì)算機(jī)控制。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止動(dòng)墊圈（鎖緊墊圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一種墊圈，具有一個(gè)或多個(gè)突出凸耳，可彎曲以防止螺母或螺栓頭松動(dòng)。 |
| Lathe | 車床 |
A machine tool in which work, gripped in the headstock, is rotated against the cutting tool to produce turned, bored, faced, or threaded components. 一種機(jī)床，其中夾持在主軸箱中的工件靠著切削工具旋轉(zhuǎn)，以生產(chǎn)車削、鉆孔、端面或螺紋部件。 |
| Liquid nitriding | 液體氮化 |
A method of surface hardening in which molten nitrogen-bearing, fused-salt baths containing both cyanides and cyanates are exposed to parts at subcritical temperatures. 一種表面硬化方法，其中含有氰化物和氰酸鹽的熔融含氮熔鹽浴在亞臨界溫度下暴露于零件。 |
| Stress factor | 應(yīng)力因子 |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. It is the ratio between the change in ultrasonic transit time caused by the change in length of the fastener, under load, to the total change in transit time. 用于螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變超聲波測量的校準(zhǔn)常數(shù)。它是由緊固件長度變化引起的超聲波傳輸時(shí)間變化與總傳輸時(shí)間變化之間的比率。 |
| Working load (Unit N) | 工作負(fù)荷（單位：N） |
The tension in a bolt in use; tension produced by a combination of Residual preload and a portion (usually) of any External load. The Joint diagram is usually used to predict the approximate working load a fastener will see in service. The load under which a component or structure is designed to operate under normal conditions. 螺栓在使用中的張力；殘余預(yù)載荷和部分（通常）任何外部載荷的組合產(chǎn)生的張力。連接圖通常用于預(yù)測緊固件在使用中的近似工作載荷。部件或結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)為在正常條件下運(yùn)行的荷載。 |
| Specific heat capacity | 比熱容 |
The heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K. It is measured in J/(kg K). 將1千克物質(zhì)的溫度升高1K所需的熱量。單位為J/（kg K）。 |
| Pitch (Unit m) | 間距（單位：m） |
1. In a cascade of identical turbine or compressor blades, the distance between successive blades measured parallel to the leading edges. 2. For a screw thread, the distance between adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the thread axis. 3. For an aircraft, the vertical relationship between the nose and the horizon. The pitch axis is an axis in the plane of the wings of an aircraft, perpendicular to the centreline, about which the aircraft rotates. Pitch motion is the corresponding up or down movement of the aircraft nose. Pitch attitude is the angle between the centreline of an aircraft and the horizontal. The angle is positive when the nose is above its position when the centreline is horizontal. 1.在相同渦輪或壓縮機(jī)葉片的葉柵中，平行于前緣測量的連續(xù)葉片之間的距離。2.對于螺紋，平行于螺紋軸線測量的相鄰螺紋形狀之間的距離。3.對于飛機(jī)，機(jī)頭和水平線之間的垂直關(guān)系。俯仰軸是飛機(jī)機(jī)翼平面內(nèi)垂直于中心線的軸，飛機(jī)繞中心線旋轉(zhuǎn)。俯仰運(yùn)動(dòng)是飛機(jī)機(jī)頭的相應(yīng)向上或向下運(yùn)動(dòng)。俯仰姿態(tài)是飛機(jī)中心線與水平線之間的角度。當(dāng)中心線水平時(shí)，當(dāng)機(jī)頭高于其位置時(shí)，角度為正。 |
| Compression fitting | 壓縮接頭 |
A screwed joint for pipework made resistant to leakage by permanent deformation of a closely-fitting ring, called a ferrule or olive, on tightening. 一種用于管道的螺紋接頭，通過緊密配合的環(huán)（稱為套圈或橄欖形）在擰緊時(shí)的永久變形來防止泄漏。 |
| Absolute pressure | 絕對壓力 |
1. The pressure measured relative to zero pressure (vacuum). 2. Gage pressure plus barometric pressure in the same units. 1.相對于零壓力（真空）測量的壓力。2.表壓加上大氣壓力的單位相同。 |
| Angle of attack (α) | 攻角（α） |
(Unit °) The angle between a reference line on a lifting body and the vector direction of the relative velocity between the body and the fluid through which it is moving. In the case of an aerofoil, turbine, or compressor blade, the usual reference line is the chord line. （單位°）升力體上的參考線與升力體與其運(yùn)動(dòng)通過的流體之間的相對速度的矢量方向之間的角度。在機(jī)翼、渦輪或壓縮機(jī)葉片的情況下，通常的參考線是弦線。 |
| Design heating load (Unit kW) | 設(shè)計(jì)熱負(fù)荷（單位kW） |
The heating requirements based on a specified number of heating degree days, or required to maintain a building or other enclosed space at a specified temperature for a given outside temperature. 基于指定的采暖度日數(shù)的加熱要求，或在給定的外部溫度下將建筑物或其他封閉空間保持在指定溫度下所需的加熱要求。 |
| Set pressure (Unit Pa) | 設(shè)定壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure at which a relief valve or safety valve is set to open, corresponding to the relevant code or standard which applies to the pressure vessel being protected. 安全閥或安全閥開啟時(shí)的壓力，對應(yīng)于適用于受保護(hù)壓力容器的相關(guān)規(guī)范或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 |
| Fracture strength | 斷裂強(qiáng)度 |
(fracture stress) (Unit Pa) The stress at which a material breaks. It is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （斷裂應(yīng)力）（單位Pa）材料斷裂時(shí)的應(yīng)力。對于給定的材料，它不是絕對的，因?yàn)樗Q于斷裂力學(xué)定律，并且取決于尺寸。 |
| Oil hardening | 油回火 |
The formation of martensite before tempering by quenching suitable steels in oil at lower cooling rates than given by water quenching, thus reducing the likelihood of component fracture or severe residual stresses. Quench-hardening treatment involving cooling in oil. 通過在油中以低于水淬的冷卻速率淬火合適的鋼，在回火前形成馬氏體，從而降低部件斷裂或嚴(yán)重殘余應(yīng)力的可能性。是一種淬火硬化處理，包括在油中冷卻。 |
| Scoring | 劃痕 |
In tribology, a severe form of wear characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches in the direction of sliding. 在摩擦學(xué)中，一種嚴(yán)重的磨損形式，其特征是在滑動(dòng)方向上形成大面積的凹槽和劃痕。 |
| Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
(acceleration of free fall, gravitational acceleration, g) (Unit m/s2) The acceleration of a freely-falling body in a vacuum, with a mean value at sea level of approximately 9.81 m/s2. （自由落體加速度，重力加速度，g）（單位m/s2）自由落體在真空中的加速度，在海平面處的平均值約為9.81m/s2。 |
| Band clutch | 帶式離合器 |
A friction clutch in which drive is achieved by a band contracting on to the rim of the clutch. 一種摩擦離合器，其驅(qū)動(dòng)是通過一條帶在離合器邊緣上收縮來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 |
| Mole (mol) | 摩爾（mol） |
The base unit of the amount of substance in the SI system. It was previously defined as the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined as the amount of substance containing exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023?elementary entities. SI國際單位制中物質(zhì)量的基本單位。此前，它被定義為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)中的物質(zhì)量，該系統(tǒng)包含的基本實(shí)體數(shù)量與0.012千克碳-12中的原子數(shù)量相同。從2019年5月20日起，它已被定義為包含6.02214076×1023個(gè)基本實(shí)體的物質(zhì)量。 |
| Standard fit | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)匹配 |
The fit of a component machined or otherwise manufactured to standardized clearances and tolerances. 根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間隙和公差加工或以其他方式制造的部件的配合。 |
| Structural engineering | 結(jié)構(gòu)工程 |
A branch of civil engineering concerned with the design of buildings, dams, bridges, and other large structures. 土木工程的一個(gè)分支，涉及建筑物、水壩、橋梁和其他大型結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)。 |
| Prevailing torque | 有效扭矩 |
Torque required to run a nut down against the joint when some obstruction, such as a plastic insert in the threads, or a noncircular thread, or other, has been introduced to help the fastener resist vibration loosening. Prevailing torque, unlike normal torque on a nut or bolt, is not proportional to the Preload in the fastener. 當(dāng)引入了一些障礙物（如螺紋中的塑料插件或非圓螺紋或其他障礙物）以幫助緊固件抵抗振動(dòng)松動(dòng)時(shí)，將螺母向下壓靠接頭所需的扭矩。與螺母或螺栓上的正常扭矩不同，主要扭矩與緊固件中的預(yù)載不成比例。 |
| Bypass ratio | 旁路比 |
In a turbofan engine, the ratio of the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate through the core of the engine. 在渦扇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，旁通流的質(zhì)量流量與通過發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)核心的質(zhì)量流量之比。 |
| Absolute expansion | 絕對擴(kuò)張 |
The true volumetric expansion of a liquid with temperature, after account is taken of any expansion of the container in which it is held. 考慮到容納液體的容器的任何膨脹后，液體隨溫度的真實(shí)體積膨脹。 |
| Applied thermodynamics | 應(yīng)用熱力學(xué) |
(engineering thermodynamics, thermodynamics) The science of the relationship between heat, work and the properties of systems and the ways in which heat energy from fuels can be converted into mechanical work. It involves the study of all aspects of energy use and energy transformation, including power generation, refrigeration, the relevant properties of the substances involved and the relationships between them. The principle of conservation of energy is a fundamental law of nature. （工程熱力學(xué)、熱力學(xué)）熱、功和系統(tǒng)特性之間關(guān)系的科學(xué)，以及燃料中的熱能可以轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)械功的方式。它涉及能源使用和能源轉(zhuǎn)換的各個(gè)方面的研究，包括發(fā)電、制冷、所涉及物質(zhì)的相關(guān)特性以及它們之間的關(guān)系。能量守恒定律是自然的基本規(guī)律。 |
| Universal joint (Hooke’s joint) | 萬向節(jié)（胡克接頭） |
A double-pivoted connection that allows power and torque to be transmitted between two shafts at an angle to each other. For constant driving angular velocity of the input yoke, the angular velocity of the output yoke fluctuates by amounts depending on the angle of intersection of the shafts. Speeds of the driving and driven shafts may be made identical (giving a constant-velocity joint) when an intermediate shaft, at each end of which there is a universal joint, is interposed. The driving and driven shafts must be equally inclined to the intermediate shaft, the two forks of which must lie in the same plane. 一種雙樞軸連接，允許動(dòng)力和扭矩以一定角度在兩個(gè)軸之間傳遞。對于輸入磁軛的恒定驅(qū)動(dòng)角速度，輸出磁軛的角速度根據(jù)軸的相交角度波動(dòng)。當(dāng)插入中間軸時(shí)，驅(qū)動(dòng)軸和從動(dòng)軸的速度可以相同（提供恒定速度接頭），中間軸的兩端都有萬向節(jié)。主動(dòng)軸和從動(dòng)軸必須與中間軸傾斜相等，中間軸的兩個(gè)叉必須位于同一平面內(nèi)。 |
| Multiple threaded screw | 多螺紋螺釘 |
A screw with two or more threads cut around the periphery of the workpiece to provide an increased lead with a specified pitch. 一種螺釘，具有圍繞工件周邊切割的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)螺紋，以提供具有指定螺距的增加的導(dǎo)程。 |
| Lockbolt | 鎖緊螺栓 |
A fastener which bears a superficial resemblance to a bolt, but which engages a collar (instead of a nut) with annular grooves (instead of threads). The collar is swaged over the grooves on the male fastener to develop preload. 表面上類似于螺栓的緊固件，但與環(huán)槽（而不是螺紋）接合的軸環(huán)（而不是螺母）。套環(huán)在陽緊固件上的凹槽上鍛造，以產(chǎn)生預(yù)緊力。 |
| Altitude | 高度 |
(Unit m) Vertical height measured relative to a specified datum such as sea level. （單位m）相對于特定基準(zhǔn)（例如海平面）測量的垂直高度。 |
| Tension | 拉伸 |
The force or load that produces elongation. 1. The condition in a bar, belt, cable, spring, string, wire, etc. that is being pulled from either end. 2. (tensile force) (unit N) The force associated with tension as in (1). It is measured by a tension meter. 伸長力產(chǎn)生伸長的力或載荷。1.從兩端拉出的桿、帶、電纜、彈簧、線、線等的狀態(tài)。2.（張力）（單位N）與張力相關(guān)的力。 |
| Union (union joint) | 活接頭 |
A threaded pipe fitting that allows two pipes to be connected anddetached without the need for either to be rotated, and without damaging the pipe ends. 一種螺紋管件，允許連接和拆卸兩個(gè)管道，而無需旋轉(zhuǎn)任何一個(gè)管道，且不會(huì)損壞管道端部。 |
| Socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
A form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一種形式，帶有內(nèi)脊鋼套筒，用于安裝螺母或螺栓或螺釘?shù)念^部。 |
| Notch brittleness | 缺口脆性 |
Susceptibility of a material to brittle fractureat points of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile test, the material is said to be notch brittle if the notch strengthis less than the tensile strength of an unnotched specimen. Otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile. 材料在應(yīng)力集中點(diǎn)易發(fā)生脆性斷裂。例如，在缺口拉伸試驗(yàn)中，如果缺口強(qiáng)度小于無缺口試樣的抗拉強(qiáng)度，則稱材料為缺口脆性材料。否則，稱其為缺口韌性。 |
| Manometer | 壓力計(jì) |
An instrument used in the measurement of a pressure difference in a fluid (manometry). 用于測量流體壓力差（測壓）的儀器。 |
| Available resource | 可用資源 |
(total resource) (Unit J) The total annual energy theoretically available from a renewable-energy source, such as ocean waves, the wind, or the total incident solar energy. （總資源）（單位J）理論上可從可再生能源（例如海浪、風(fēng)或總?cè)肷涮柲埽┇@得的年度總能量。 |
| Volume (Unit m3) | 體積（單位m3） |
The amount of space occupied by a specified mass of substance or by an object. 一定質(zhì)量的物質(zhì)或物體占據(jù)的空間量。 |
| Reproducibility | 再現(xiàn)性 |
A term used to describe test-result variability associated with specifically defined components of variance obtained both from within a single laboratory and between laboratories. 一個(gè)術(shù)語，用于描述與從單個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室之間獲得的具體定義的方差分量相關(guān)的測試結(jié)果可變性。 |
| Strain aging | 應(yīng)變時(shí)效 |
The changes in ductility, hardness, yield point, and tensile strength that occur when a metal or alloy that has been cold worked is stored for some time. In steel, strain aging is characterized by a loss of ductility and a corresponding increase in hardness, yield point, and tensile strength. 已冷加工的金屬或合金在儲(chǔ)存一段時(shí)間后發(fā)生的延展性、硬度、屈服點(diǎn)和抗拉強(qiáng)度的變化。在鋼中，應(yīng)變時(shí)效的特點(diǎn)是延性損失，硬度、屈服點(diǎn)和抗拉強(qiáng)度相應(yīng)增加。 |
| Allotropy | 同素異形體 |
A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is generally restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements, terminal phases, and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of the predominant constituent element. 多態(tài)性的近義詞。同素異形體通常僅限于描述元素、終端相和合金中的多晶型行為，其行為與主要組成元素的行為非常相似。 |
| Equation, long form | 方程，長格式 |
An equation which relates the torque applied to a bolt to the preload created in it, and involves fastener geometry and the coefficient of friction between mating surfaces. A theoretical equation based on rigid body mechanics and the assumption that the geometry of the fastener is perfectly described by blueprint dimensions. 將施加在螺栓上的扭矩與螺栓中產(chǎn)生的預(yù)載荷聯(lián)系起來的方程，該方程涉及緊固件幾何形狀和配合面之間的摩擦系數(shù)。基于剛體力學(xué)和緊固件幾何結(jié)構(gòu)由藍(lán)圖尺寸完美描述的假設(shè)的理論方程。 |
| Austenite-stabilizer | 奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑 |
Alloying element expanding the γ-phase field in the corresponding phase diagram, which manifests itself in a decrease of the A3?temperature and an increase of the A4?temperature in binary alloys Fe–M as well as in a decrease of A1?temperature in ternary alloys Fe–C–M (M is an alloying element). The solubility of austenite-stabilizers in ferrite is much lower than in austenite. Under the influence of austenite-stabilizers, austenite can become thermodynamically stable down to room temperature. 合金元素?cái)U(kuò)展了相應(yīng)相圖中的γ相場，這表現(xiàn)為二元合金Fe-M中A3溫度的降低和A4溫度的升高，以及A1溫度的降低三元合金Fe–C–M（M是合金元素）。奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑在鐵素體中的溶解度遠(yuǎn)低于在奧氏體中的溶解度。在奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑的影響下，奧氏體可以在低至室溫時(shí)變得熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定。 |
| Sizing | 顆粒化 |
1. A finishing operation to ensure the specified dimensions and tolerances for a component are met. 2. (size classification) Separating an aggregate of mixed particles into groups according to size using a series of screens. 1.精加工操作，以確保滿足部件的規(guī)定尺寸和公差。2.（粒度分類）使用一系列篩網(wǎng)根據(jù)粒度將混合顆粒的聚集體分成組。 |
| Slack quenching | 欠速淬火 |
The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to martensite. 由于從奧氏體化溫度以低于特定鋼臨界冷卻速度的速度淬火而導(dǎo)致鋼的不完全硬化，導(dǎo)致除馬氏體外還形成一種或多種相變產(chǎn)物。 |
| Striation | 條紋組織 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一種疲勞斷裂特征，通常在電子顯微照片中觀察到，表明每次應(yīng)力循環(huán)后裂紋前沿的位置。條紋之間的距離表示在一個(gè)應(yīng)力循環(huán)期間裂紋前沿穿過該晶體的前進(jìn)，垂直于條紋的線表示局部裂紋擴(kuò)展的方向。 |
| Dynamic load rating (Unit N) | 額定動(dòng)載荷（單位N） |
The allowable load on a component or structure when the loading is not static. 當(dāng)負(fù)載不是靜態(tài)時(shí)，組件或結(jié)構(gòu)上的允許負(fù)載。 |
| Gear ratio | 傳動(dòng)比 |
For two gears in contact, the ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear to that on the driven gear. 對于接觸的兩個(gè)齒輪，主動(dòng)齒輪上的齒數(shù)與從動(dòng)齒輪上的齒數(shù)之比。 |
| Strain | 拉緊 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物體的大小或形狀因力而變化的單位。也稱為標(biāo)稱應(yīng)變。 |
| Compression stroke | 壓縮沖程 |
The stroke in a reciprocating compressor or engine during which the working fluid is compressed. 往復(fù)式壓縮機(jī)或發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中工作流體被壓縮的沖程。 |
| Spring constant | 彈簧常數(shù) |
The ratio between the forces exerted on a spring (or a bolt) and the deflection thereof. Has the dimensions of force per unit change in length (e.g., lb=in.). Also called Stiffness. 施加在彈簧（或螺栓）上的力與其撓度之間的比率。具有每單位長度變化的力的尺寸（例如lb=in.）。也稱為剛度。 |
| Elastic strain energy | 彈性應(yīng)變能 |
The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物體彈性變形所消耗的能量。本質(zhì)上，彈性變形過程中所做的所有功都以彈性能的形式存儲(chǔ)，并且在釋放所施加的力時(shí)恢復(fù)該能量。 |
| Zero initial conditions | 零初始條件 |
The assumption normally made in control engineering that up to a start time defined as t = 0, all variables have zero value. 在控制工程中通常作出的假設(shè)，即在定義為t=0的開始時(shí)間內(nèi)，所有變量均為零值。 |
| Macrodeviation | 宏觀偏差 |
Errors from–irregular surface departures from the design profile, often caused by lack of accuracy or stiffness of the machine system. 不規(guī)則表面偏離設(shè)計(jì)輪廓的誤差，通常是由于機(jī)器系統(tǒng)缺乏準(zhǔn)確性或剛度造成的。 |
| Regenerative pump | 渦流泵 |
?(regenerative turbine pump, peripheral pump) A pump with a double-sided impeller having a large number of radial blades. The pressure of the pumped liquid increases progressively over several revolutions of the impeller. It is? particularly suited to producing large heads at small flow rates without cavitation. （再生渦輪泵，外圍泵）具有具有大量徑向葉片的雙面葉輪的泵。泵送液體的壓力在葉輪的幾圈內(nèi)逐漸增加。它特別適合于在小流速下產(chǎn)生大水頭且不產(chǎn)生氣穴。 |
| Graphitic carbon | 石墨碳 |
Free carbon in steel or cast iron. 鋼或鑄鐵中的游離碳。 |
| Torque coefficient | 扭矩系數(shù) |
1. (KT) For a propeller of diameter D, a non-dimensional parameter defined by KT?= T/ρΩ2D5?where Ω is the rotational speed (in rad/s) and ρ is the fluid density. 2. (CT) An alternative to (1) for a wind turbine, defined by CT?= 2T/ρV2AR where V is the wind speed, A is the swept area of the blades, and R is the blade radius. 3. (K) An empirical coefficient used to calculate the torque T required to achieve an axial load F in a bolt according to T = KFd where d is the nominal bolt diameter. 1.（KT）對于直徑為D的螺旋槳，由KT=T/ρΩ2D5定義的無量綱參數(shù)，其中Ω是轉(zhuǎn)速（單位為rad/s），ρ是流體密度。2.（CT）對于風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)（1）的替代方案，由CT=2T/ρV2AR定義，其中V是風(fēng)速，a是葉片的掃掠面積，R是葉片半徑。3.（K）經(jīng)驗(yàn)系數(shù)，用于根據(jù)T=KFd計(jì)算螺栓中實(shí)現(xiàn)軸向載荷F所需的扭矩T，其中d是螺栓標(biāo)稱直徑。 |
| Statistic | 統(tǒng)計(jì) |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根據(jù)樣本中的觀察值計(jì)算得出的匯總值。 |
| Extra spring | 額外彈簧 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state above full hard beyond which further cold work will not measurably increase the strength and hardness. 有色金屬合金和一些鐵合金的回火狀態(tài)，大約對應(yīng)于高于全硬的冷加工狀態(tài)，超過該狀態(tài)進(jìn)一步冷加工將不會(huì)顯著增加強(qiáng)度和硬度。 |
| Angle of torsion | 扭轉(zhuǎn)角 |
(angle of twist) (Unit ° or rad) The angle relative to a chosen section, normal to the axis of twist, through which another part of a component rotates when subjected to a torque. （扭轉(zhuǎn)角）（單位°或弧度）相對于選定截面的角度，垂直于扭轉(zhuǎn)軸，部件的另一部分在受到扭矩時(shí)通過該角度旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Major diameter | 螺紋大徑 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder that just touches the crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread. 在直螺紋上，僅接觸外螺紋頂部或內(nèi)螺紋根部的假想圓柱體的直徑。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切線模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何規(guī)定的應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變下，應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線的斜率。另見彈性模量。 |
| Chafing fatigue | 磨損疲勞 |
Fatigue damage initiated in a surface damaged by rubbing against another body. 因與另一個(gè)物體摩擦而損壞的表面引起的疲勞損壞。 |
| Alpha iron | 阿爾法鐵 |
The body-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable below 910 °C (1670 °F). 純鐵的體心立方形式，在910°C(1670°F)以下穩(wěn)定。 |
| Crystalline fracture | 結(jié)晶斷裂 |
A pattern of brightly reflecting crystal facets on the fracture surface of a polycrystalline metal, resulting from cleavage fracture of many individual crystals. 多晶金屬斷裂面上明亮反射的晶面圖案，由許多單個(gè)晶體的解理斷裂產(chǎn)生。 |
| Energy losses (Unit kJ) | 能量損失（單位kJ） |
A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 從能量守恒原理來看，這是一個(gè)常用的術(shù)語錯(cuò)誤，但可以用于表示轉(zhuǎn)換為過程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，從熱機(jī)散發(fā)到周圍環(huán)境的熱能，或由機(jī)器中的摩擦或表面阻力產(chǎn)生的熱能。 |
| Maximum stress (Smax) | 最大應(yīng)力（Smax） |
The stress having the highest algebraic value in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly. 在應(yīng)力循環(huán)中具有最高代數(shù)值的應(yīng)力，拉應(yīng)力被認(rèn)為是正的，壓應(yīng)力被認(rèn)為是負(fù)的。名義應(yīng)力是最常用的。 |
| Annealing | 退火 |
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. 一個(gè)通用術(shù)語，表示一種處理，包括加熱并保持在合適的溫度，然后以合適的速率冷卻，主要用于軟化金屬材料，但也同時(shí)產(chǎn)生其他性能或微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的所需變化。 |
| Preload accuracy | 預(yù)載精度 |
A measure of the precision with which a given tool or procedure creates preload in a bolt when the bolt is tightened. A common torque wrench, for example, is said to produce preload with an accuracy of +30%. The mean preload, however, may not be that which the designer intended, or may not be what he should have intended. Accuracy as used here, in other words, is synonymous with Scatter. 當(dāng)螺栓擰緊時(shí)，給定工具或程序在螺栓中產(chǎn)生預(yù)緊力的精度度量。例如，一個(gè)普通的扭矩扳手據(jù)說可以產(chǎn)生精度為+30%的預(yù)載。然而，平均預(yù)載可能不是設(shè)計(jì)者預(yù)期的。這里使用的準(zhǔn)確度是分散度的同義詞。 |
| Eutectic carbide | 共晶碳化物 |
Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys. 在冷凍過程中形成的碳化物，是參與鐵合金共晶反應(yīng)的互不溶相之一。 |
| Thermal reactor | 熱反應(yīng)器 |
An enlarged exhaust manifold bolted directly to the cylinder head of a piston engine, in which the oxidation of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas is enhanced. 一種擴(kuò)大的排氣歧管，直接用螺栓固定在活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的氣缸蓋上，其中一氧化碳和未燃燒碳?xì)浠衔锏难趸饔迷鰪?qiáng)。 |
| Pulse | 脈沖 |
An increase or decrease in the magnitude of a physical quantity, such as pressure, voltage, or force, with a time scale short compared with other time scales in a process, after which there is a return to the original level. 物理量的大小的增加或減少，如壓力、電壓或力，與過程中的其他時(shí)間尺度相比，時(shí)間尺度較短，之后返回到原始水平。 |
| Decarburization | 脫碳 |
Loss of carbon from the surface layer of a carbon-containing alloy due to reaction with one or more chemical substances in a medium that contacts the surface. 由于與接觸表面的介質(zhì)中的一種或多種化學(xué)物質(zhì)發(fā)生反應(yīng)，含碳合金表面層的碳損失。 |
| Galilean transformation | 伽利略變換 |
In steady fluid flow, the addition or subtraction of a constant velocity to the entire flowfield, e.g. so that flow can be considered relative to a moving object or flow feature, such as a shock wave. 在穩(wěn)定的流體流動(dòng)中，對整個(gè)流場增加或減少恒定速度，例如，可以考慮相對于移動(dòng)物體或流動(dòng)特征（例如沖擊波）流動(dòng)。 |
| Critical point | 臨界點(diǎn) |
(1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs. Same as transformation temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, that specific value of composition, temperature and pressure, or combinations thereof, at which the phases of a heterogeneous system are in equilibrium. （1） 晶體結(jié)構(gòu)、相或物理性質(zhì)發(fā)生變化的溫度或壓力。與轉(zhuǎn)變溫度相同。（2） 在平衡圖中，指組成、溫度和壓力或其組合的特定值，在該值下，多相體系的相處于平衡狀態(tài)。 |
| Unison ring | 協(xié)調(diào)環(huán) |
In a turbomachine with adjustable guide or stator vanes, the ring to which a set of vanes is linked such that when the ring is rotated, all vane angles are adjusted. 在具有可調(diào)導(dǎo)向葉片或定子葉片的渦輪機(jī)中，一組葉片連接到的環(huán)，當(dāng)環(huán)旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，所有葉片角度都可調(diào)整。 |
| Critical diameter | 臨界直徑 |
(D) Diameter of the bar that can be fully hardened with 50% martensite at its center. （D）中心有50%馬氏體可完全硬化的棒材直徑。 |
| Safe working load (Unit N) | 安全工作負(fù)荷（單位：N） |
The steady or unsteady load against which a component or structure is designed for normal operation. It is lower than that which would cause failure by buckling, fracture, or yielding, so as to accommodate uncertainty, possible fault or accident conditions. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)用于正常運(yùn)行的穩(wěn)定或不穩(wěn)定荷載。該值低于因屈曲、斷裂或屈服而導(dǎo)致失效的值，以適應(yīng)不確定性、可能的故障或事故條件。 |
| Condenser | 冷凝器 |
A heat exchanger in which a substance is changed from its vapour phase to its liquid phase by reducing its temperature to below the saturation temperature. 一種熱交換器，通過將物質(zhì)的溫度降低到飽和溫度以下，將其從氣相變?yōu)橐合唷?/td> |
| Ideal gas laws | 理想氣體定律 |
The law relating pressure, temperature and volume of an ideal (perfect) gas pV = mRT, where R is the gas constant. The law implies that at constant temperature T, the product of pressure p and volume V is constant (Boyle’s law), and at constant pressure, the volume is proportional to the temperature (Charles’ law). 與理想（完美）氣體的壓力、溫度和體積相關(guān)的定律pV=mRT，其中R是氣體常數(shù)。該定律意味著在恒定溫度T下，壓力p和體積V的乘積是恒定的（波義耳定律），而在恒定壓力下，體積與溫度成正比（查爾斯定律）。 |
| Free carbon | 游離碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中以石墨或回火碳等元素形式存在的部分。與結(jié)合碳形成對比。 |
| Stator | 定子 |
A ring of non-rotating blades or nozzles in a compressor, turbine, or other turbomachine, which directs fluid flow into an adjacent rotor. 渦輪壓縮機(jī)、渦輪或其他渦輪機(jī)械中的一圈不旋轉(zhuǎn)的葉片或噴嘴，將流體引導(dǎo)到相鄰的轉(zhuǎn)子中。 |
| Homogeneous carburizing | 均勻滲碳 |
Use of a carburizing process to convert a low-carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher carbon content throughout the section. 使用滲碳工藝將低碳鐵合金轉(zhuǎn)化為整個(gè)截面中碳含量均勻且較高的合金。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋彈簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“發(fā)條”）或螺旋（圓柱形）彈簧。以螺旋狀纏繞的彈簧鋼絲。 |
| Tangential load (Unit N) | 切向荷載（單位：N） |
The component of load applied to an object, such as a gear, that tends to cause or resist rotation. 旋轉(zhuǎn)力施加在物體上的載荷分量，如齒輪，傾向于引起或阻止旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Fatigue life (N) | 疲勞壽命（N） |
The number of cycles of stress or strain of a specified character that a given specimen sustains before failure occurs. 給定試樣在失效發(fā)生之前所承受的特定特征的應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變的循環(huán)次數(shù)。 |
| Transverse direction | 橫向 |
Literally, the “across” direction, usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the direction across the width is often called long transverse, and the direction through the thickness, short transverse. 從字面上看，“橫穿”方向，通常表示與工作方向垂直的方向或平面。在軋制鋼板或薄板中，橫跨寬度的方向通常稱為長橫向，穿過厚度的方向稱為短橫向。 |
| Izod test | 懸臂梁試驗(yàn) |
A type of impact test in which a V-notched specimen, mounted vertically, is subjected to a sudden blow delivered by the weight at the end of a pendulum arm. The energy required to break off the free end is a measure of the impact strength or toughness of the material. 一種沖擊試驗(yàn)，其中垂直安裝的V形切口試樣受到擺臂末端重量的突然沖擊。斷開自由端所需的能量是材料沖擊強(qiáng)度或韌性的量度。 |
| Modulus of rupture | 斷裂模量 |
Nominal stress at fracture in a bend test or torsion test. In bending, modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture divided by the section modulus. In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture divided by the polar section modulus. 彎曲試驗(yàn)或扭轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)中的標(biāo)稱斷裂應(yīng)力。在彎曲中，斷裂模量是斷裂時(shí)的彎矩除以截面模量。在扭轉(zhuǎn)中，斷裂模量是斷裂時(shí)的扭矩除以極截面模量。 |
| Transverse strain | 橫向應(yīng)變 |
Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the loading axis of a specimen. 垂直于試樣加載軸的平面內(nèi)的線性應(yīng)變。 |
| Edge distance | 邊距 |
The distance from the edge of a bearing specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied force. 在作用力方向上，從軸承試樣的邊緣到孔中心的距離。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性變形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加應(yīng)力下的永久（非彈性）變形，使材料應(yīng)變超過其彈性極限。 |
| Vector | 矢量 |
Any physical quantity, such as velocity, acceleration, force, or momentum, that is specified in terms of both its magnitude and its direction. The convention of printing vector quantities in boldface was introduced by the physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. 任何物理量，如速度、加速度、力或動(dòng)量，以其大小和方向來表示。用黑體印刷矢量量的慣例是由物理學(xué)家約西亞·威拉德·吉布斯提出的。 |
| Hot quenching | 熱淬火 |
An imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching procedures in which a quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 70 °C (160 °F) 一個(gè)不精確的術(shù)語，用于涵蓋各種淬火程序，其中淬火介質(zhì)規(guī)定溫度保持在70°C（160°F）以上。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 轉(zhuǎn)變溫度（單位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定義的溫度，位于金屬斷裂特性（通常通過缺口試樣的試驗(yàn)確定）快速變化的溫度范圍內(nèi)，如從主要纖維（剪切）斷裂到主要結(jié)晶（解理）斷裂。（2） 有時(shí)用于表示延性隨溫度快速變化的范圍內(nèi)的任意定義的溫度。（轉(zhuǎn)變點(diǎn)）1.具有面心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的金屬合金的斷裂機(jī)制從韌性孔洞生長轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇嘈越饫淼臏囟取?.材料從一種晶體狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N晶體的溫度。 |
| Stress amplitude | 應(yīng)力幅值 |
One-half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle of a repetitively varying stress. 重復(fù)變化應(yīng)力的一個(gè)循環(huán)中最大和最小應(yīng)力之間代數(shù)差的一半。 |
| Stress cracking | 應(yīng)力開裂 |
A family of failure modes, each of which involves high stress and chemical action. The family includes Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosion cracking, stress embrittlement, and hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion. 一系列失效模式，每種模式都涉及高應(yīng)力和化學(xué)作用。該系列包括氫脆、應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂、應(yīng)力脆化和氫輔助應(yīng)力腐蝕。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用過程中的延展性或斷裂韌性損失。通常是金屬或合金的延展性或韌性或兩者的嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。多種形式的脆化可導(dǎo)致脆性斷裂。在熱處理或高溫服務(wù)期間，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)多種形式（熱致脆化）。影響鋼的一些脆化形式包括藍(lán)脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火時(shí)效脆化、西格瑪相脆化、應(yīng)變時(shí)效脆化，回火脆化、回火馬氏體脆化和熱脆化。此外，鋼和其他金屬和合金可能因環(huán)境條件而脆化（環(huán)境輔助脆化）。環(huán)境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、堿脆化、腐蝕脆化、蠕變斷裂脆化、氫脆化、液態(tài)金屬脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固態(tài)金屬脆化和應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂。 |
| Cotter pin | 開口銷 |
(cotter) 1. A tapered wedge or pin passing through a tapered slot or hole in one member and bearing against a second member to fix it in location. 2. A split cotter is commonly called a split pin. A pin with two legs. With legs together, the pin is placed through the hole in a clevis pin. The legs are then opened outward to prevent the cotter pin from backing out of the hole. The cotter pin, in turn, prevents the load-bearing clevis pin from backing out of its retaining hole. （開口）1.錐形楔子或銷釘穿過一個(gè)構(gòu)件中的錐形槽或孔，并支撐在第二個(gè)構(gòu)件上以將其固定到位。2.開口開口通常稱為開口銷。相當(dāng)于有兩條腿的別針，將支腿放在一起，銷釘穿過U形夾銷上的孔。然后將支腿向外打開以防止開口銷從孔中退出。開口銷反過來防止承重U形夾銷從其固定孔中退出。 |
| Stress | 應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The intensity of the internally distributed forces or components of forces that resist a change in the volume or shape of a material that is or has been subjected to external forces. Stress is expressed in force per unit area and is calculated on the basis of the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. Stress can be either direct (tension or compression)or shear. 1. Stress ‘a(chǎn)t a point’ (i.e. over a volume of material that is very small compared with that of the component or structure) is the load per unit area for every face of an infinitesimal cube surrounding the point. 2. In fluid flow the stress tensor σij is the sum of an isotropic part ?pδij, δij being the Kronecker delta, having the same form as the stress tensor for a fluid at rest, p being the static pressure, and the non-isotropic, deviatoric stress tensor dij which is due entirely to the fluid motion. 內(nèi)部分布力或力分量的強(qiáng)度，這些力或力的分量抵抗正在或已經(jīng)受到外力的材料的體積或形狀的變化。應(yīng)力以單位面積的力表示，并根據(jù)試樣橫截面的原始尺寸計(jì)算。應(yīng)力可以是直接（拉伸或壓縮）或剪切。1.“在一點(diǎn)”的應(yīng)力（即在與組件或結(jié)構(gòu)相比非常小的材料體積上）是圍繞該點(diǎn)的無限小立方體的每個(gè)面的單位面積載荷。2. 在流體流動(dòng)中，應(yīng)力張量σij是各向同性部分-pδij的總和，δij是Kroneckerδ，具有與靜止流體的應(yīng)力張量相同的形式，p是靜壓，非各向同性, 偏應(yīng)力張量 dij 完全由流體運(yùn)動(dòng)引起。 |
| Piston pump | 活塞泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. On the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. On the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. Both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在氣缸中往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的一種容積泵。在吸入沖程，流體通過入口閥吸入腔室，然后在出口閥關(guān)閉時(shí)打開。在輸送沖程中，流體通過出口閥被迫流出腔室，然后出口閥打開，同時(shí)入口閥關(guān)閉。軸向和徑向配置都很常見。 |
| Verification | 檢驗(yàn) |
Checking or testing an instrument to ensure conformance with a specification. 檢查或測試儀器以確保符合規(guī)范。 |
| Degradation | 降解 |
The reduction with time of the physical properties of a material. 材料的物理性質(zhì)隨時(shí)間的減少。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保護(hù) |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果僅將緊固件與環(huán)境隔離，則據(jù)說緊固件上的涂層可提供屏障保護(hù)。例如，油漆提供屏障保護(hù)。 |
| Fracture toughness | 斷裂韌性 |
A generic term for measures of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of fracture mechanics tests, which are directly applicable in fracture control. However, the term commonly includes results from simple tests of notched or precracked specimens not based on fracture mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the latter type are often useful for fracture control, based on either service experience or empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. 裂紋擴(kuò)展阻力測量的通用術(shù)語。該術(shù)語有時(shí)僅限于斷裂力學(xué)試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果，這些結(jié)果直接適用于斷裂控制。該術(shù)語通常包括非基于斷裂力學(xué)分析的切口或預(yù)裂紋試樣的簡單試驗(yàn)結(jié)果。基于使用經(jīng)驗(yàn)或與斷裂力學(xué)試驗(yàn)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)相關(guān)性，后一類試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果通常有助于斷裂控制。 |
| Mechanical alloying | 機(jī)械合金化 |
Production of alloys from powders by consolidation, e.g. hotpressing or extrusion, followed by hot and/or cold working and final annealing. Materials such as dispersion-strengthened alloys, high-temperature aluminium alloys, and amorphous alloys can be made in this way. 通過固結(jié)（例如熱壓或擠壓）從粉末生產(chǎn)合金，然后進(jìn)行熱和/或冷加工和最終退火。用這種方法可以制造彌散強(qiáng)化合金、高溫鋁合金和非晶合金等材料。 |
| Strain energy | 應(yīng)變能 |
A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain diagram. 通過測量應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變圖下的面積確定的材料能量吸收特性的度量。 |
| Velocity defect (Unit m/s) | 速度虧損（單位：m/s） |
In a viscous flow, such as a boundary layer or wake, the reduction in velocity, due to friction, compared with that of the free stream. 在粘性流中，如邊界層或尾跡，由于摩擦，與自由流相比，速度降低。 |
| Sigma-phase embrittlement | σ相脆化 |
Embrittlement of iron-chromium alloys (most notably austenitic stainless steels) caused by precipitation at grain boundaries of the hard, brittle intermetallic sigma phase during long periods of exposure to temperatures between approximately 565 and 980 °C (1050 and 1800 °F). Sigmaphase embrittlement results in severe loss in toughness and ductility and can make the embrittled material structure susceptible to intergranular corrosion. 鐵鉻合金（最顯著的是奧氏體不銹鋼）的脆化是由于在長時(shí)間暴露于約565至980°C（1050至1800°F）的溫度下，硬脆金屬間化合物σ相的晶界處沉淀造成的。σ相脆化導(dǎo)致韌性和延展性的嚴(yán)重?fù)p失，可使脆化的材料結(jié)構(gòu)易于發(fā)生晶間腐蝕。 |
| Grain growth | 晶粒生長 |
An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually as a result of heating at elevated temperature. 多晶金屬中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，通常是高溫加熱的結(jié)果。 |
| Coalescence | 聚結(jié) |
Growth of grains at the expense of the remainder by absorption or the growth of a phase or particle at the expense of the remainder by absorption or reprecipitation. 通過吸收以犧牲剩余為代價(jià)的晶粒的生長或以通過吸收或再沉淀為代價(jià)的以剩余為代價(jià)的相或顆粒的生長。 |
| Quench (quenching) | 淬火 |
Rapid cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: brine quenching, caustic quenching, cold die quenching, forced-air quenching, intense quenching, oil quenching, press quenching, spray quenching, direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, time quenching, and water quenching. 1. The process of rapid-cooling by plunging an object into a bath of water, oil, salt, molten metal, or other media. It is a method of heat treatment used particularly to form martensite preparatory to tempering steels. The bath temperature is the quench temperature. 2. The suppression of combustion. 3. In a piston engine, the cooling of a fraction of the gases during combustion, typically by reducing the clearance between the piston crown and the cylinder head. 快速冷卻。適用時(shí)，應(yīng)使用以下更具體的術(shù)語：鹽水淬火、堿淬火、冷模淬火、強(qiáng)制空氣淬火、強(qiáng)淬火、油淬火、壓力淬火、噴射淬火、直接淬火、霧淬火、熱淬火、間斷淬火、選擇性淬火、時(shí)間淬火和水淬火。1.通過將物體放入水、油、鹽、熔融金屬或其他介質(zhì)的浴中快速冷卻的過程。這是一種熱處理方法，特別用于形成回火鋼前的馬氏體。浴溫度是淬火溫度。2.燃燒的抑制。3.在活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，燃燒過程中一部分氣體的冷卻，通常通過減小活塞頂和氣缸蓋之間的間隙來實(shí)現(xiàn)。 |
| Waviness | 波紋度 |
Waviness is periodic deviations from geometric surface, often sinusoidal in form and often determined by low-level oscillations of the machine-tool-workpiece system during machining. Typically, wavelengths range from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 in.) and wave heights from a few to several hundred micrometers. 波紋度是與幾何表面的周期性偏差，其形式通常是正弦的，通常由機(jī)床-工件系統(tǒng)在加工過程中的低水平振蕩決定。通常，波長范圍為1至10毫米（0.04至0.4英寸），波高范圍為幾微米至幾百微米。 |
| Acoustic pyrometer | 聲學(xué)高溫計(jì) |
A non-intrusive pyrometer based on the principle that the sound speed in a gas is proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature. 一種非侵入式高溫計(jì)，其原理是氣體中的聲速與其絕對溫度的平方根成正比。 |
| Tyre | 輪胎 |
A flexible ring-shaped cover mounted on a wheel rim that supports the weight of a vehicle, such as a motor vehicle, aircraft, or bicycle, and transmits power and torque to a road surface. Some pneumatic tyres are inflated directly, others have a separate inner tube that is inflated. For certain applications, solid tyres are used. 車輪罩安裝在輪輞上的柔性環(huán)形罩，用于支撐車輛（如機(jī)動(dòng)車、飛機(jī)或自行車）的重量，并將動(dòng)力和扭矩傳遞到路面。有些充氣輪胎是直接充氣的，有些輪胎有單獨(dú)的內(nèi)胎充氣。對于某些應(yīng)用，使用實(shí)心輪胎。 |
| Boyle’s law | 波義耳定律 |
The product of the pressure of a gas p and its volume is constant at a given absolute temperature T. Together with Charles law, it yields the ideal gas equation p = Mrt where m is the mass of gas and R is the specific gas constant. The volume of a gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. This means that as pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases. 在給定的絕對溫度T下，氣體的壓力p與其體積的乘積是恒定的。與查爾斯定律一起，它產(chǎn)生了理想的氣體方程p=Mrt，其中m是氣體的質(zhì)量，R是特定的氣體常數(shù)。恒溫下氣體的體積與壓力成反比。這意味著隨著壓力的增加，氣體的體積會(huì)減少。 |
| Linear-elastic fracture mechanics | 線彈性斷裂力學(xué) |
A method of fracture analysis that can determine the stress (or load) required to induce fracture instability in a structure containing a cracklike flaw of known size and shape. 一種斷裂分析方法，可確定在含有已知尺寸和形狀裂紋狀缺陷的結(jié)構(gòu)中引起斷裂不穩(wěn)定性所需的應(yīng)力（或載荷）。 |
| Kiln | 窯 |
An industrial oven for burning, baking, or drying. 用于燃燒、烘烤或干燥的工業(yè)烤箱。 |
| Balance piston | 平衡活塞 |
(balance drum, dummy piston) A disc attached to the shaft of a turbine or compressor, to one side of which high or low pressure is applied to counteract the axial thrust produced by the pressure change across the machine. A form of thrust bearing. （平衡鼓，假活塞）連接在渦輪機(jī)或壓縮機(jī)軸上的圓盤，在其一側(cè)施加高壓或低壓，以抵消機(jī)器壓力變化產(chǎn)生的軸向推力。推力軸承的一種形式。 |
| Maximum allowable operating pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允許使用壓力（單位Pa） |
The highest pressure at which any pressure system may be operated, usually 10 to 20% below the maximum allowable working pressure. 任何壓力系統(tǒng)可運(yùn)行的最高壓力，通常比最大允許工作壓力低10%至20%。 |
| Centigrade heat unit | 攝氏熱量單位 |
(Celsius heat unit, CHU) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit equal to the energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of pure, air-free water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. （攝氏熱量單位，CHU）一個(gè)已被淘汰的（即非國際單位制）單位，等于在一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓的壓力下將一磅純凈的無空氣水的溫度從14.5°C提高到15.5°C所需的能量. |
| Dynamic modulus | 動(dòng)態(tài)模量 |
The ratio of stress to strain under cyclic conditions (calculated from data obtained from either free or forced vibration tests, in shear, compression, or tension). 循環(huán)條件下的應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變之比（根據(jù)在剪切、壓縮或拉伸中的自由或強(qiáng)制振動(dòng)測試中獲得的數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算得出）。 |
| Compression ratio | 壓縮率 |
The volume of a combustion chamber with the piston at the top of its stroke as a proportion of the total volume of the cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. For a piston engine, if the swept volume is?SW?and the clearance volume is?CL, the compression ratio is given by (?SW?+?CL)/CL, i.e. it is a volume ratio rather than a pressure ratio. 活塞位于其沖程頂部的燃燒室的容積與活塞位于其沖程底部的氣缸總體積的比例。對于活塞發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，如果掃氣量為SW，間隙容積為CL，則壓縮比由(SW+CL)/CL給出，即它是體積比而不是壓力比。 |
| Acoustics | 聲學(xué) |
The science and engineering of sound; its production, propagation, control, interaction with materials, etc. 聲音科學(xué)與工程；它的產(chǎn)生、傳播、控制、與材料的相互作用等。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在機(jī)床工作臺(tái)上用一種特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容納T形螺栓的方頭，用于夾緊工件。 |
| Tensioner | 張緊器 |
A hydraulic tool used to tighten a fastener by stretching it rather than by applying a substantial torque to the nut. After the tension has stretched the bolt or stud, the nut is run down against the joint with a modest torque, and the tensioner is disengaged from the fastener. The nut holds the stretch produced by the tensioner. 一種液壓工具，用于通過拉伸緊固件而不是對螺母施加較大扭矩來擰緊緊固件。張力拉伸螺栓或螺柱后，以適當(dāng)?shù)呐ぞ貙⒙菽赶蛳聣嚎拷宇^，張緊器與緊固件分離。螺母保持張緊器產(chǎn)生的拉伸。 |
| Free ferrite | 游離鐵氧體 |
Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite. 在冷卻過程中亞共析奧氏體分解直接形成的鐵素體，沒有同時(shí)形成滲碳體。也是先共析鐵氧體。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 熱容量（C）（單位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不發(fā)生相變的情況下將物體的溫度提高1K所需的能量。熱容量是一種廣泛的熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)，取決于溫度和壓力。 |
| Net weight (Unit N) | 凈重（單位：N） |
The difference between the gross weight of any container including its contents and the tare weight of the empty container. 任何容器（包括其內(nèi)容物）的毛重與空容器皮重之間的差值。 |
| Auxetic materials | 拉脹材料 |
Those man-made materials for which Poisson’s ratio is negative, so that the cross section expands when subjected to a longitudinal tensile stress and contracts when subjected to a longitudinal compressive stress. 泊松比為負(fù)的人造材料，其橫截面在受到縱向拉應(yīng)力時(shí)會(huì)膨脹，在受到縱向壓應(yīng)力時(shí)會(huì)收縮。 |
| Slant fracture | 傾斜裂縫 |
A type of fracture appearance, typical of plane-stress fractures, in which the plane of metal separation is inclined at an angle (usually about 45°) to the axis of the applied stress. 一種斷裂現(xiàn)象，典型的平面應(yīng)力斷裂，其中金屬分離面與施加應(yīng)力的軸成一定角度（通常約45°）傾斜。 |
| Absolute stability | 絕對穩(wěn)定 |
Condtion of a linear system in which there exists a limiting value of the open-loop gain such that the system is stable for all lower values of that gain, and unstable for all higher values. 線性系統(tǒng)的條件，其中存在開環(huán)增益的限制值，使得系統(tǒng)對于該增益的所有較低值都是穩(wěn)定的，而對于所有較高值來說都是不穩(wěn)定的。 |
| Box annealing | 箱式退火 |
Annealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation. In box annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called close annealing or pot annealing. 在使氧化最小化的條件下，在密封容器中對金屬或合金進(jìn)行退火。在對鐵合金進(jìn)行箱式退火時(shí)，通常將裝料緩慢加熱至低于轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的溫度，但有時(shí)會(huì)高于或低于轉(zhuǎn)變范圍，然后緩慢冷卻；這個(gè)過程也稱為緊密退火或罐式退火。 |
| Working fluid | 工作流體 |
In thermodynamics, the fluid contained within the boundary of a system that experiences changes in its properties during any fluid dynamic or thermodynamic process. 在熱力學(xué)中，包含在系統(tǒng)邊界內(nèi)的流體，在任何流體動(dòng)力學(xué)或熱力學(xué)過程中其性質(zhì)發(fā)生變化。 |
| Galling | 磨損 |
An extreme form of adhesive wear, in which large chunks of one part stick to the mating part (during sliding contact). 一種極端形式的粘著磨損，其中一個(gè)零件的大塊粘在配合零件上（在滑動(dòng)接觸期間）。 |
| Indentation hardness | 壓痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm2) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通過硬度測試確定的材料抗壓痕的能力。壓頭可以是球形或菱形，在規(guī)定的載荷下壓入金屬表面一段時(shí)間。（單位Pa或，非國際單位制，kgf/mm2）通過壓頭測量硬度，壓入材料，形成永久壓痕。硬度由載荷除以壓痕的投影（有時(shí)是表面）面積得出。塑性理論表明，硬度約為單軸屈服應(yīng)力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Microscopic stresses | 微觀應(yīng)力 |
Residual stresses that vary from tension to compression in a distance (presumably approximating the grain size) that is small compared with the gage length in ordinary strain measurements. They are not detectable by dissection methods, but can sometimes be measured from line shift or line broadening in an x-ray diffraction pattern. 與普通應(yīng)變測量中的標(biāo)距相比，從拉伸到壓縮的距離（大概接近晶粒尺寸）較小的殘余應(yīng)力。它們無法通過解剖方法檢測到，但有時(shí)可以通過x射線衍射圖案中的線位移或線加寬來測量。 |
| Condensing boiler | 冷凝鍋爐 |
A relatively small industrial or domestic boiler that burns sulfur-free natural gas so that the products of combustion do not contain sulfuric acid and can be allowed to condense on heat-transfer surfaces without danger of corrosion. 一種相對較小的工業(yè)或家用鍋爐，燃燒無硫天然氣，因此燃燒產(chǎn)物不含硫酸，并且可以在傳熱表面上冷凝而沒有腐蝕的危險(xiǎn)。 |
| Concentration ratio | 濃度比 |
For a concentrating solar collector, the ratio of the projected area of the concentrator facing the solar beam to the actual area of the receiver. 對于聚光太陽能集熱器，集中器面向太陽光束的投影面積與接收器的實(shí)際面積之比。 |
| Alloy steels | 合金鋼 |
Steels that contain alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, silicon, tungsten, and vanadium. These are added to improve properties such as the hardenability, toughness, strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance compared with those of plain-carbon steel. Low-alloy steels have a total alloy content (including carbon) of less than about 8%. They are hardenable and have strength up to 30% higher than plain-carbon steels. High-alloy steels contain considerably more alloy content and are developed for specific properties such as superior corrosion and chemical resistance. 含有鉻、鎳、鉬、錳、硅、鎢和釩等合金元素的鋼。添加這些是為了提高與普通碳鋼相比的淬透性、韌性、強(qiáng)度、耐磨性和耐腐蝕性等性能。低合金鋼的總合金含量（包括碳）小于約8%。它們是可硬化的，強(qiáng)度比普通碳鋼高出30%。高合金鋼含有相當(dāng)多的合金含量，并針對特定性能而開發(fā)，例如卓越的耐腐蝕性和耐化學(xué)性。 |
| Relaxation curve | 松弛曲線 |
A plot of either the remaining, or relaxed, stress as a function of time. 剩余壓力或松弛壓力隨時(shí)間變化的曲線圖。 |
| Edge distance ratio | 邊距比 |
The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 軸承測試中邊緣距離與銷直徑的比值。 |
| Screw displacement | 螺桿位移 |
A rotation of a rigid body about an axis accompanied by a translation of the body along the same axis. 剛體繞軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，同時(shí)剛體沿同一軸平移。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 從向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性種子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Water jacket | 水套 |
A casing, typically of sheet metal, surrounding a machine, such as an engine, that requires cooling. Water is circulated through the jacket and a heat exchanger where the heat is removed. 機(jī)殼一種機(jī)殼，通常由金屬板制成，圍繞著需要冷卻的機(jī)器，如發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。水通過夾套和熱交換器循環(huán)，在熱交換器中熱量被去除。 |
| Sampling frequency (Unit Hz) | 采樣頻率（單位Hz） |
(sampling rate) The number of measurement samples per unit time taken from a continuous analogue signal to produce a discrete signal. It is the inverse of the time between successive measurements (sampling interval, sampling period, or sampling time). （采樣率）從連續(xù)模擬信號(hào)中提取以產(chǎn)生離散信號(hào)的每單位時(shí)間的測量樣本數(shù)。它是連續(xù)測量之間時(shí)間的倒數(shù)（采樣間隔、采樣周期或采樣時(shí)間）。 |
| Calorizing | 熱化 |
Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1000 °C (1470 to 1830 °F). 通過在800至1000°C（1470至1830°F）下加熱鋁粉，賦予鐵或鋼表面抗氧化性。 |
| Arbitration bar | 抗彎試棒 |
A test bar, cast with a heat of material, used to determine chemical composition, hardness, tensile strength, and deflection and strength under transverse loading in order to establish the state of acceptability of the casting. 用熱材料鑄造的測試棒，用于確定化學(xué)成分、硬度、抗拉強(qiáng)度、橫向載荷下的撓度和強(qiáng)度，以確定鑄件的可接受狀態(tài)。 |
| Anneal to temper | 退火回火 |
A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked nonferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength. 將冷加工的有色金屬合金軟化到規(guī)定的硬度或抗拉強(qiáng)度水平的最終局部退火。 |
| Countersinking | 埋頭孔 |
The flaring out of the rim of a drilled hole to form a truncated conical depression to receive a screw having a conical head, thus giving a flush fitting. 從鉆孔的邊緣向外張開以形成截錐形凹陷，以容納具有錐形頭的螺釘，從而提供齊平的配件。 |
| Total carbon | 總碳 |
The sum of the free and combined carbon (including carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy. 鐵合金中游離碳和結(jié)合碳（包括溶液中的碳）的總和。 |
| Resistance factor | 阻力系數(shù) |
Probabilistic factor representing the uncertainties in the designer’s estimate of the strength of a shear joint. Used in Load and resistance factor design. 概率系數(shù)，表示設(shè)計(jì)人員對剪切接頭強(qiáng)度估計(jì)的不確定性。用于載荷和阻力系數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)。 |
| Screw extractor | 螺釘拔 |
A device for removing broken-off screws from threaded holes. It resembles a drill with, for broken right-hand threads, a fast (long-pitch) left-hand thread that is driven into a hole drilled in the broken screw, thus untwisting it. 從螺紋孔中去除斷裂螺釘?shù)难b置。它類似于一個(gè)鉆頭，對于斷裂的右螺紋，一個(gè)快速（長螺距）的左螺紋被打入在斷裂螺釘上鉆的孔中，從而將其松開。 |
| Morse taper | 莫氏錐度 |
A self holding, standard taper largely used on drilling tools, drilling machine spindles, and some lathes. 一種自持式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)錐度，主要用于鉆孔工具、鉆床主軸和一些車床。 |
| Cavitation damage | 氣蝕損壞 |
Erosion of a solid surface through the formation and collapse of cavities or bubbles in an adjacent liquid that contains vapor and/or gas. 通過在包含蒸汽和/或氣體的相鄰液體中形成空穴或氣泡并破壞固體表面。 |
| Cheese head | 圓柱頭 |
A cylindrical head on a screw or bolt. For driving, it may be slotted, or hexagonally recessed. 螺釘或螺栓上的圓柱頭。為了驅(qū)動(dòng)，它可以是開槽的，也可以是六角形的。 |
| Breaks | 斷裂 |
Creases or ridges usually in “untempered” or in aged material where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the origin of the break, it may be termed a cross break, a coil break, an edge break, or a sticker break. 通常在“未回火”或超過屈服點(diǎn)的老化材料中出現(xiàn)折痕或隆起。根據(jù)斷裂的起源，它可能被稱為交叉斷裂、線圈斷裂、邊緣斷裂或貼紙斷裂。 |
| Square | 正方 |
1. A regular quadrilateral, i.e. a polygon with four equal sides and four right angles. 2. An instrument to check angles of internal and external surfaces and flatness. 1.正四邊形，即具有四條等邊和四個(gè)直角的多邊形。2.一種檢查內(nèi)外表面角度和平面度的儀器。 |
| Oxidized surface (on steel) | 氧化表面（在鋼上） |
Surface having a thin, tightly adhering, oxidized skin (from straw to blue in color), extending in from the edge of a coil or sheet. Sometimes called annealing border. 表面具有薄的、緊密粘附的氧化皮（從稻草色到藍(lán)色），從線圈或薄片的邊緣延伸。有時(shí)稱為退火邊界。 |
| Radiation pressure (Unit μPa) | 輻射壓力（單位：μPa） |
The pressure exerted on a surface exposed to any form of electromagnetic radiation. If the radiation is absorbed, it is equal to the power-flux density divided by the speed of light. 施加在暴露于任何形式電磁輻射的表面上的壓力。如果輻射被吸收，它等于功率通量密度除以光速。 |
| Feather key | 滑鍵 |
A parallel key fastened in either the shaft or in the hub of a member sliding on it. When fastened in the shaft, it must be long enough to hold or drive the sliding member in any of its positions on the shaft. When in the sliding member the key need only be as long as the hub. 一種平行鍵，固定在軸上或在其上滑動(dòng)的構(gòu)件的輪轂上。當(dāng)固定在軸上時(shí)，其長度必須足以將滑動(dòng)構(gòu)件固定或驅(qū)動(dòng)在軸上的任何位置。當(dāng)處于滑動(dòng)構(gòu)件中時(shí)，鍵只需與輪轂一樣長。 |
| Screw jack | 螺旋千斤頂 |
A lifting device (jack) consisting of a nut and square-threaded shaft at the top of which is a load-bearing pad. Rotation of the nut raises or lowers the pad. 一種起重裝置（千斤頂），由螺母和方形螺紋軸組成，其頂部為承重墊。螺母的旋轉(zhuǎn)可升高或降低襯墊。 |
| Computer control | 電腦控制 |
The control of an engineering device or system by pre-programmed computer or by feedback control. 通過預(yù)編程計(jì)算機(jī)或反饋控制對工程設(shè)備或系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行控制。 |
| Deflection temperature under load (DTUL) | 負(fù)載變形溫度（DTUL） |
The temperature at which a simple cantilever beam deflects a given amount under load. Formerly called heat distortion temperature. 簡單懸臂梁在負(fù)載下偏轉(zhuǎn)給定量的溫度。以前稱為熱變形溫度。 |
| Hot strength (Unit Pa) | 熱強(qiáng)度（單位Pa） |
The yield stress (or sometimes fracture stress) of a material at temperatures above about half its melting point in kelvins. 材料在高于其熔點(diǎn)一半（以開爾文為單位）的溫度下的屈服應(yīng)力（有時(shí)為斷裂應(yīng)力）。 |
| Double-shear test | 雙剪試驗(yàn) |
A shear test having two stationary, shear blades and one moving one and that uses solid round bars as test specimens. 一種剪切試驗(yàn)，具有兩個(gè)固定的剪切刀片和一個(gè)移動(dòng)的刀片，并使用實(shí)心圓棒作為試樣。 |
| Mohs hardness test | 莫氏硬度測試 |
A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness using 10 standard minerals—from talc (the softest) to diamond (the hardest). 刮擦硬度測試，用于使用從滑石（最軟）到鉆石（最硬）的10種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)礦物測定比較硬度。 |
| Impact testing | 沖擊測試 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速條件下測定材料的機(jī)械性能。通常根據(jù)測試件在被鐘擺撞擊或從已知高度墜落的重物或夾在兩個(gè)霍普金森棒之間時(shí)的行為來確定。 |
| Spring clip | 彈簧夾 |
A clip made of a material such as spring steel which grips an inserted part. 由彈簧鋼等材料制成的夾子，用于夾住插入的零件。 |
| Turn-of-nut method | 螺母轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)法 |
It applies preload by turning a nut through an angle that corresponds to a given elongation. 它通過將螺母旋轉(zhuǎn)一個(gè)與給定伸長率相對應(yīng)的角度來施加預(yù)載荷。 |
| Roughness | 粗糙度 |
The deviations from the wavy surface itself, caused by geometry of the cutting tool and its wear, machining conditions, microstructure of the workpiece, vibrations in the system, and so on. Surface roughness changes as a surface goes through the wearing-in process, but may then stabilize. 由刀具的幾何形狀及其磨損、加工條件、工件的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)、系統(tǒng)中的振動(dòng)等引起的與波狀表面本身的偏差。表面粗糙度隨著表面經(jīng)過磨合過程而變化，但隨后可能會(huì)穩(wěn)定下來。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非熱變化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在沒有熱波動(dòng)的情況下進(jìn)行的反應(yīng)；也就是說，不需要熱激活。相反，在恒溫下發(fā)生的反應(yīng)是等溫轉(zhuǎn)變。在這種情況下，熱活化是必要的，并且反應(yīng)作為時(shí)間的函數(shù)進(jìn)行。 |
| Mean diameter (Unit m) | 平均直徑（單位米） |
The average of the inside and outside diameters for a helical spring or hollow circular cylinder or sphere 螺旋彈簧或空心圓柱體或球體的內(nèi)徑和外徑的平均值 |
| Thread insert | 螺紋嵌件 |
(threaded bushing) Either a thin cylinder with an internal thread (and sometimes also an external thread) or a helical coil of wire, pressed or screwed into a hole to accept a bolt or screw. Used in material too soft or a component too thin to be threaded, to change one form of thread to another or to repair a damaged thread. （螺紋襯套）一種帶有內(nèi)螺紋（有時(shí)也有外螺紋）的薄圓柱體或螺旋形線圈，壓入或擰入孔中以接受螺栓或螺釘。用于材料太軟或部件太薄而無法螺紋連接，用于將一種形式的螺紋更換為另一種形式或修復(fù)損壞的螺紋。 |
| Endurance limit | 耐力極限 |
The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. That completely reversing stress limit below which a bolt or joint member will have an essentially infinite life under cyclic fatigue loads. Note that the mean stress on the bolts here is zero. 材料可以承受無限次應(yīng)力循環(huán)的最大應(yīng)力。還應(yīng)說明最大應(yīng)力值和應(yīng)力比。完全逆轉(zhuǎn)的應(yīng)力極限，低于該極限螺栓或接頭構(gòu)件在循環(huán)疲勞載荷下將具有基本上無限的壽命。請注意，此處螺栓上的平均應(yīng)力為零。 |
| Available head (Unit m) | 可用水頭（單位米） |
In a hydroelectric power system, the difference between the vertical height of the water level in the supply reservoir above the turbine inlet less the head loss due to friction and fittings in the duct leading to the turbine. 在水力發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中，水輪機(jī)入口上方供水水庫中水位垂直高度之間的差減去由于通向渦輪機(jī)的管道中的摩擦和配件造成的水頭損失。 |
| Mean stress (Unit Pa) | 平均應(yīng)力（單位 Pa） |
The average of the maximum and minimum stresses for a material subjected to a stress cycle, as in a fatigue test. 承受應(yīng)力循環(huán)的材料的最大和最小應(yīng)力的平均值，如在疲勞試驗(yàn)中。 |
| Collar | 圈、箍 |
A ring secured to, or integral with, a shaft to give axial location. 固定在軸上或與軸成一體以提供軸向位置的環(huán)。 |
| Fog quenching | 霧淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在細(xì)蒸汽或薄霧中淬火。 |
| Fillet | 圓角 |
Transition region between bolt head and shank, or between other changes in diameter. 螺栓頭和螺栓桿之間的過渡區(qū)域，或其他直徑變化之間的過渡區(qū)域。 |
| Clearance fit | 間隙配合 |
A range of clearances ranging from close sliding to loose running, i.e. a fit in which the limits for the mating parts always permit assembly. 從緊密滑動(dòng)到松動(dòng)運(yùn)行的一系列間隙，即配合零件的限制始終允許組裝的配合。 |
| Assembly line | 流水線 |
A system of mass production in which work is moved progressively from one operation to another, ultimately to give the final complete product. 一種大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，其中工作逐漸從一個(gè)操作轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)操作，最終得到完整產(chǎn)品。 |
| Fatigue failure | 疲勞失效 |
Failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue completely fractures into two parts or has softened or been otherwise significantly reduced in stiffness by thermal heating or cracking. 當(dāng)經(jīng)歷疲勞的試樣完全斷裂成兩部分或因熱加熱或開裂而軟化或剛度顯著降低時(shí)發(fā)生的失效。 |
| Cavitation tunnel | 空泡試驗(yàn)筒 |
A closed-circuit recirculating water tunnel in which the static pressure can be reduced to sufficiently low levels for cavitation studies to be performed. 一種閉路循環(huán)水隧洞，其中靜壓可降至足夠低的水平，以便進(jìn)行氣蝕研究。 |
| X-ray thickness gauge | X射線厚度計(jì) |
A device comprising an X-ray source and a detector used to determine the thickness of material in sheet or plate form, including metals, paper, plastics, rubber, and ceramics. 一種由X射線源和探測器組成的裝置，用于測定片狀或平板狀材料的厚度，包括金屬、紙張、塑料、橡膠和陶瓷。 |
| Fracture stress | 斷裂應(yīng)力 |
The true normal stress on the minimum cross-sectional area at the beginning of fracture. This term usually applies to tension tests of unnotched specimens. 斷裂開始時(shí)最小橫截面積上的真實(shí)正應(yīng)力。該術(shù)語通常適用于無缺口試樣的拉伸試驗(yàn)。 |
| Standard | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) |
(standard specification) A set of specifications for components, machines, materials, or processes intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality. In the UK, standards issued by the British Standards Institution (BSI) are now generally those of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). （標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范）為實(shí)現(xiàn)一致性、效率和特定質(zhì)量而制定的一套組件、機(jī)器、材料或工藝規(guī)范。在英國，英國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)（BSI）發(fā)布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)現(xiàn)在基本上是國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織（ISO）的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 |
| Vacuum relief valve | 真空安全閥 |
A valve that admits gas to a system under vacuum, should the degree of vacuum become excessive. 如果真空度過高，允許氣體在真空下進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)的閥門。 |
| Volume flow rate | 體積流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m3/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （體積流量）（單位m3/s）單位時(shí)間內(nèi)流經(jīng)表面或管道或其他管道的材料體積，通常為流體或粉末。 |
| Swift cup test | 斯威夫特杯測試 |
A simulative cupping test in which circular blanks of various diameters are clamped in a die ring and deep drawn into cups by a flat-bottomed cylindrical punch. 一種模擬拔杯試驗(yàn)，將不同直徑的圓形坯料夾緊在模環(huán)中，并用平底圓柱沖頭將其深拉入杯中。 |
| Design pressure (Unit Pa) | 設(shè)計(jì)壓力（單位Pa） |
The greatest pressure that a closed container is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 密閉容器在正常操作條件下預(yù)期承受的最大壓力。 |
| Kilocalorie | 千卡 |
(Cal, kg-cal, kilogram-calorie, large calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 1 000 cal. （卡，千克卡，千克卡路里，大卡路里）一種已被淘汰的（即非國際單位制）能量單位，等于1000卡。 |
| Acceleration-error constant | 加速度誤差常數(shù) |
When the reference (demand) input to a control system is parabolic, the output signal will also be parabolic in steady state. The signal that is constant in this situation is the acceleration and thus for a parabolic input the steady-state error, referred to as the acceleration-error constant, is the error in the acceleration. 當(dāng)控制系統(tǒng)的參考（需求）輸入是拋物線時(shí)，輸出信號(hào)在穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下也將是拋物線。在這種情況下恒定的信號(hào)是加速度，因此對于拋物線輸入，稱為加速度誤差常數(shù)的穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差是加速度中的誤差。 |
| Threshold stress for stress-corrosion cracking (σth) | 應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂閾值應(yīng)力（σth） |
An experimentally determined critical gross-section stress below which stress-corrosion cracking will not occur under specified test conditions. 實(shí)驗(yàn)確定的臨界總截面應(yīng)力，低于該應(yīng)力，在規(guī)定的試驗(yàn)條件下不會(huì)發(fā)生應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂。 |
| Congruent transformation | 全等變換 |
An isothermal or isobaric phase change in which both of the phases concerned have the same composition throughout the process. 等溫或等壓相變，其中相關(guān)的兩個(gè)相在整個(gè)過程中具有相同的成分。 |
| Principal stress (normal) | 主應(yīng)力（正常） |
The maximum or minimum value of the normal stressat a point in a plane considered with respect to all possible orientations of the considered plane. On such principal planes the shear stress is zero. There are three principal stresses on three mutually perpendicular planes. The state of stress at a point may be: (1) uniaxial, a state of stress in which two of the three principal stresses are zero; (2) biaxial, a state of stress in which only one of the three principal stresses is zero; or (3) triaxial, a state of stress in which none of the principal stresses is zero. Multiaxial stress refers to either biaxial or triaxial stress. 相對于所考慮平面的所有可能方向，所考慮平面中某點(diǎn)處的法向應(yīng)力的最大值或最小值。在這樣的主平面上，剪切應(yīng)力為零。在三個(gè)相互垂直的平面上有三個(gè)主應(yīng)力。一點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)可以是：（1）單軸，三個(gè)主應(yīng)力中的兩個(gè)為零的應(yīng)力；（2）雙軸，三個(gè)主應(yīng)力中只有一個(gè)為零的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)；或（3）三軸，即主應(yīng)力均不為零的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。多軸應(yīng)力是指雙軸或三軸應(yīng)力。 |
| Modulus of resilience | 回彈系數(shù) |
The amount of energy stored in a material when loaded to its elastic limit. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit. 當(dāng)加載到其彈性極限時(shí)，材料中儲(chǔ)存的能量量。通過測量應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線下直至彈性極限的面積來確定。 |
| Newton’s law of gravitation | 牛頓萬有引力定律 |
(Newton’s law of universal gravitation) Any two bodies exert a gravitational force of attraction F on each other directed along the line joining their centres of mass, in magnitude proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them. （牛頓萬有引力定律）任何兩個(gè)物體沿其質(zhì)心連接線相互施加引力F，其大小與其質(zhì)量乘積成正比，與它們之間距離r的平方成反比。 |
| Turbocharging | 渦輪增壓 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一種增壓方法，其中活塞發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的熱廢氣用于驅(qū)動(dòng)渦輪，渦輪為增壓壓縮機(jī)提供動(dòng)力。渦輪增壓器是渦輪/壓縮機(jī)組合。壓縮機(jī)通常為徑向流出設(shè)計(jì)，而徑向、軸向和混流式渦輪機(jī)都在使用。廢氣旁通閥是一種減少進(jìn)入渦輪的廢氣流量以限制產(chǎn)生的增壓或超速的閥。 |
| Bend test | 彎曲試驗(yàn) |
A test for determining the relative ductility of metal that is to be formed (usually sheet, strip, plate, or wire) or for determining soundness and toughness of metal (after welding, for example). The specimen is usually repeatedly bent over a specified diameter through a specified angle and then unbent for a specified number of cycles. There are four general types of bend tests, named according to the manner in which the forces are applied to the specimen to make the bend: free bend, guided bend, semiguided bend, and wrap-around bend. 確定待成形金屬（通常為薄板、帶材、板材或線材）的相對延展性或確定金屬的堅(jiān)固性和韌性（例如，焊接后）的試驗(yàn)。試樣通常在規(guī)定的直徑上重復(fù)彎曲一個(gè)規(guī)定的角度，然后在規(guī)定的循環(huán)次數(shù)內(nèi)彎曲。彎曲試驗(yàn)有四種一般類型，根據(jù)施加在試樣上的力進(jìn)行彎曲的方式命名：自由彎曲、引導(dǎo)彎曲、半引導(dǎo)彎曲和環(huán)繞彎曲。 |
| Imperial system of units | 英制單位 |
British imperial system of units) An obsolete system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. Its three base units were second (time), yard (length), and pound avoirdupois (mass). The imperial unit of capacity was the gallon. The many associated units introduced subsequently include cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, pint, and quart for both liquid and dry measures of capacity (i.e. volume); ounce, hundredweight, short and long ton for avoirdupois mass; poundal for force; minute and hour for time; fahrenheit for temperature; and British thermal unit for energy. Closely related to the imperial system of units is the US customary system of units. Each imperial unit is now legally defined in terms of the metric (i.e. SI) equivalent. （英帝國單位制）1824年英國度量衡法首次定義的已被淘汰的單位制。其三個(gè)基本單位為秒（時(shí)間）、碼（長度）和磅（質(zhì)量）。容量的英制單位是加侖。隨后引入的許多相關(guān)單位包括立方英寸、立方英尺、立方碼、品脫和夸脫，用于液體和干燥容量測量（即體積）；盎司，百分之一百重量，短噸和長噸，以保證重量；磅達(dá)表示力；以分鐘和小時(shí)表示時(shí)間；華氏溫度；英國熱能單位。與帝國單位制密切相關(guān)的是美國習(xí)慣單位制?，F(xiàn)在，每個(gè)英制單位在法律上都是以公制（即SI）當(dāng)量來定義的。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 維氏硬度測試 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金剛石棱錐壓頭（維氏硬度計(jì)）和可變載荷的壓痕硬度測試，能夠?qū)臉O軟鉛到碳化鎢的所有硬度范圍使用一個(gè)硬度標(biāo)度。也稱為鉆石金字塔硬度測試。 |
| Natural aging | 自然時(shí)效 |
Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. 過飽和固溶體在室溫下的自發(fā)時(shí)效。 |
| Inch (in) | 英寸（in） |
A non-SI unit of length now defined as 25.4 mm. The conversion to SI is 1 in = 2.54 × 10?2?m. 現(xiàn)在定義為25.4毫米的非SI長度單位。轉(zhuǎn)換為SI為1in=2.54×10-2m。 |
| Case | 包蓋 |
That portion of a ferrous alloy, extending inward from the surface, whose composition has been altered so that it can be case hardened. Typically considered to be the portion of the alloy (a) whose composition has been measurably altered from the original composition, (b) that appears dark on an etched cross section, or (c) that has a hardness, after hardening, equal to or greater than a specified value. Contrast with core. 鐵合金的一部分，從表面向內(nèi)延伸，其成分已經(jīng)改變，可以進(jìn)行表面硬化。通常被認(rèn)為是合金的一部分，（a）其成分與原始成分發(fā)生了可測量的變化，（b）在蝕刻橫截面上呈黑色，或（c）硬化后硬度等于或大于規(guī)定值。與核心形成對比。 |
| Wire rope | 鋼絲繩 |
A type of cable formed from individual strands of wire with a helical twist. 一種線纜，由具有螺旋扭曲的單獨(dú)的線股形成。 |
| Condensate strainer | 冷凝水過濾器 |
A filter in a steam plant used to remove particulate matter from condensate before it is added to feedwater. 蒸汽設(shè)備中的過濾器，用于在將冷凝水添加到給水中之前去除冷凝水中的顆粒物。 |
| Shock load | 沖擊載荷 |
The sudden application of an external force that results in a very rapid build-up of stress. 突然施加外力，導(dǎo)致應(yīng)力迅速增加。 |
| X–Y recorder | X-Y記錄儀 |
A device that plots a graph of a variable y against a variable x, both in the form of voltages. 一種繪制變量y和變量x的圖形的設(shè)備，兩者都以伏特?cái)?shù)的形式。 |
| Water-jet cutting | 水射流切割 |
Cutting of materials such as rock by means of a high-speed jet of water containing abrasive particles. 通過含有磨料顆粒的高速水射流切割巖石等材料。 |
| Nut splitter | 螺母分離器 |
A tool for removing rusted-on and corroded nuts from bolts. It consists of a stiff steel ring that is placed around the nut. A screw thread passing through the ring bears diametrically on a wedged-shape tip that indents and cuts though a face of the nut. 從螺栓上去除銹蝕螺母的工具。它由一個(gè)圍繞螺母放置的剛性鋼環(huán)組成。穿過環(huán)的螺紋徑向支撐在楔形尖端上，該尖端凹陷并穿過螺母的表面。 |
| Bypass flow meter | 旁通流量計(jì) |
(shunt flow meter) A flow meter installed in a pipework bypass which may itself be part of the flow meter. An orifice plate is used to ensure a fraction of the main flow passes through the bypass. （分流流量計(jì)）安裝在管道旁路中的流量計(jì)，它本身可能是流量計(jì)的一部分。孔板用于確保一部分主流通過旁路。 |
| Transmissibility | 傳遞率 |
The ratio of the transmitted force to the disturbing force for a system subjected to a vibratory disturbance. The ratio may also be defined in terms of displacements, velocities, or accelerations. 受到振動(dòng)干擾的系統(tǒng)的傳遞力與干擾力之比。該比率也可以用位移、速度或加速度來定義。 |
| Finishing washer | 光制墊圈 |
A washer designed for use with countersunk screws. Used to enhance appearance in some applications. 設(shè)計(jì)用于沉頭螺釘?shù)膲|圈。在某些應(yīng)用中用于增強(qiáng)外觀。 |
| Fastener with waisted shank | 帶腰柄的緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds < d2. 柄徑ds |
| Spherical washer | 球面墊圈 |
A washer whose upper surface is semispherical. Used with a nut whose contact face is also semispherical. Reduces bending stress in a bolt or stud, by allowing some self-alignment and some compensation for nonparallel joint surfaces or Angularity. 上表面為半球形的墊圈。與接觸面也是半球形的螺母一起使用。減少螺栓或螺柱中的彎曲應(yīng)力，允許一些自對準(zhǔn)，并對不平行的接頭表面或角度進(jìn)行一些補(bǔ)償。 |
| Archimedes Wave Swing | 阿基米德波擺動(dòng) |
A machine for tidal-power energy generation consisting of two concentric, air-filled submerged cylinders. The inner lower cylinder is tethered to the ocean floor while the upper floater unit, which is closed at the top, moves up and down due to the variations in hydrostatic pressure caused by the wave motion. The relative movement of the two cylinders is used to generate electricity in which linear motion replaces the more common rotary motion of an electromagnetic generator. 一種用于潮汐能發(fā)電的機(jī)器，由兩個(gè)同心的充氣水下氣缸組成。內(nèi)部下部圓柱體系在海底，而頂部封閉的上部浮子單元由于波浪運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的靜水壓力變化而上下移動(dòng)。兩個(gè)氣缸的相對運(yùn)動(dòng)用于發(fā)電，其中直線運(yùn)動(dòng)取代了電磁發(fā)電機(jī)更常見的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。 |
| Wrist pin | 腕銷 |
A stud projecting from a crank as an attachment for a connecting rod. wrought alloys Metal alloys that are initially cast and then shaped into final form by processes such as extrusion, forging, or rolling. 從曲柄上伸出的一個(gè)螺柱，作為連接桿的附件。鍛造合金最初鑄造，然后通過擠壓、鍛造或軋制等工藝成形為最終形狀的金屬合金。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金鋼經(jīng)淬火產(chǎn)生馬氏體，在550°C以上回火時(shí)產(chǎn)生細(xì)小沉淀的過程，這抑制了位錯(cuò)運(yùn)動(dòng)，扭轉(zhuǎn)了在較高回火溫度下強(qiáng)度降低的趨勢。 |
| Durometer hardness | 硬度計(jì)硬度 |
Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics. It is the extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter protrudes beyond the pressure foot into the material. 塑料壓痕硬度的測量。它是彈簧加載的鋼壓頭超出壓力腳伸入材料的程度。 |
| Wind energy (Unit kJ) | 風(fēng)能（單位kJ） |
The kinetic energy associated with wind that can be converted by a wind energy conversion system (WECS) into electrical or mechanical power by a rotor, such as a multi-bladed propeller, exposed to the wind. If the air density is ρ and the wind speed is V, then the kinetic energy flux is ρV3/2. The actual wind power that can be extracted by a wind turbine intercepting a cross section of wind A is CPρAV3/2 where CP is an empirical efficiency factor termed the power coefficient. The wind-energy distribution is a histogram of the calculated wind power that can be generated annually from the windspeed frequency distribution at a given location. A windmill generates mechanical power whereas a wind turbine (wind generator) generates electrical power. The largest wind turbine, manufactured by MHI Vestas, has a power rating of 9.5 MW, a rotor diameter of 164 m, and a hub height of 105 m (the highest wind turbines have heights in the region of 190 m). A wind farm is an array of wind turbines, typically ten to several hundred, at a single location, either onshore or offshore. Energy derived from wind is a major contributor to sustainable energy generation. The largest operational offshore wind farm, located in the Irish Sea, has 87 turbines and a total generating capacity of 659 MW. The largest onshore wind farm is in Kern County, California with some 586 turbines and a total capacity of 1 550 MW. 風(fēng)能轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)（WECS）可通過暴露于風(fēng)中的轉(zhuǎn)子（如多葉片螺旋槳）將與風(fēng)相關(guān)的動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能或機(jī)械能。如果空氣密度為ρ，風(fēng)速為V，則動(dòng)能通量為ρV3/2。可由截獲風(fēng)a橫截面的風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)提取的實(shí)際風(fēng)功率為CPρAV3/2，其中CP是稱為功率系數(shù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)效率因子。風(fēng)能分布是根據(jù)給定位置處的風(fēng)速頻率分布每年可產(chǎn)生的計(jì)算風(fēng)力的直方圖。風(fēng)車產(chǎn)生機(jī)械功率，而風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)（風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)）產(chǎn)生電功率。MHI Vestas制造的最大風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)的額定功率為9.5MW，轉(zhuǎn)子直徑為164m，輪轂高度為105m（最高風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)的高度為190m）。風(fēng)電場是一系列風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)，通常為十到幾百臺(tái)，位于單一位置，無論是陸上還是海上。風(fēng)能是可持續(xù)能源發(fā)電的主要貢獻(xiàn)者。最大的海上風(fēng)電場位于愛爾蘭海，擁有87臺(tái)渦輪機(jī)，總發(fā)電容量為659MW。最大的陸上風(fēng)電場位于加利福尼亞州克恩縣，擁有約586臺(tái)渦輪機(jī)，總?cè)萘繛?550兆瓦。 |
| Air composition | 空氣成分 |
The sea-level composition (in per cent by volume) of air at a temperature of 15°C and a pressure of 1 atm is mainly 78.084% nitrogen, 20.947% oxygen and 0.934% argon. The remaining 0.035% consists of carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, oxides of nitrogen, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Different sources give slightly different figures for the composition. Not included are water vapour (typically 0.4%) and pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. 在15°C的溫度和1個(gè)大氣壓的壓力下，空氣的海平面成分（體積百分比）主要是78.084%的氮?dú)狻?0.947%的氧氣和0.934%的氬氣。剩余的0.035%由二氧化碳、氖、氦、甲烷、氪、氫、氮的氧化物、氙、臭氧、碘、一氧化碳和氨組成。不同的來源給出的組成略有不同。不包括水蒸氣（通常為0.4%）和二氧化硫等污染物。 |
| Elastic resilience | 彈性回彈 |
The amount of energy absorbed in stressing a material up to the elastic limit; or, the amount of energy that can be recovered when stress is released from the elastic limit. 向材料施加應(yīng)力直至彈性極限所吸收的能量；或者當(dāng)應(yīng)力從彈性極限釋放時(shí)可以恢復(fù)的能量值。 |
| Nut thickness | 螺母厚度 |
The nut thickness shall be the overall distance measured parallel to the axis of nut, from the top of the nut to the bearing surface, and shall include the thickness of the washer face where provided. 螺母厚度應(yīng)為平行于螺母軸線測量的從螺母頂部到軸承表面的總距離，還應(yīng)包括墊圈表面的厚度。 |
| Electroplating | 電鍍 |
Deposition of one metal on to another using electrolysis. The metal to be plated forms the cathode in an electrolytic cell, and the metal to be deposited forms the anode. 使用電解將一種金屬沉積到另一種金屬上。待鍍金屬形成電解池中的陰極，待沉積金屬形成陽極。 |
| Length of engagement | 嚙合長度 |
It is the axial measurement within which the external and internal threads have theoretical contact. 它是外螺紋和內(nèi)螺紋具有理論接觸的軸向測量。 |
| Rolled thread | 滾制螺紋 |
A thread formed by plastically deforming the surface of the blank rather than by cutting operations. Increases fatigue life and thread strength, but is not possible (or perhaps economical) on larger sizes. 通過塑性變形坯料表面而不是通過切割操作形成的螺紋。增加疲勞壽命和螺紋強(qiáng)度，但不太可能（或者說是經(jīng)濟(jì)上不太可能）用于較大的尺寸。 |
| Jack | 杰克裝置 |
A lifting device that exerts large forces over small displacements, achieved by mechanical gearing or hydraulics. 通過機(jī)械傳動(dòng)或液壓裝置在小位移上施加大力的提升裝置。 |
| Shoulder screw | 軸肩螺釘 |
A screw having two or more diameters or shoulders and commonly used for supporting levers and other machine parts that have to operate freely. 一種具有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上直徑或軸肩的螺釘，通常用于支撐杠桿和其他必須自由操作的機(jī)器部件。 |
| Kinetic friction | 動(dòng)摩擦 |
(dynamic friction, sliding friction) (Unit N) The sliding resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in contact with each other. （動(dòng)摩擦，滑動(dòng)摩擦）（單位N）兩個(gè)相互接觸的表面相對運(yùn)動(dòng)的滑動(dòng)阻力。 |
| Stress area | 應(yīng)力面積 |
The effective cross-sectional area of the threaded section of a fastener. Used to compute average stress levels in that section. Based on the mean of pitch and minor diameters. 緊固件螺紋部分的有效橫截面積。用于計(jì)算該截面中的平均應(yīng)力水平?；诠?jié)距和小直徑的平均值。 |
| Design code | 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范 |
(design standard) A standard or specification for any aspect of engineering design, issued by national organizations such as ANSI, ASME, BSI, DIN, and ISO. （設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）工程設(shè)計(jì)任何方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或規(guī)范，由ANSI、ASME、BSI、DIN和ISO等國家組織發(fā)布。 |
| Oxidizing agent | 氧化劑 |
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced. 一種引起氧化從而自身被還原的化合物。 |
| Compressor | 壓縮機(jī) |
A turbomachine, of either axial or radial type, that increases the pressure of a gas or vapour. 一種增加氣體或蒸汽壓力的軸向或徑向渦輪機(jī)。 |
| Screw pump | 螺桿泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that uses one or more helical rotors rotating within a casing to transfer liquids or slurries. 一種容積式泵，使用一個(gè)或多個(gè)在外殼內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋轉(zhuǎn)子輸送液體或泥漿。 |
| Bánki turbine | 班基渦輪機(jī) |
A cross-flow, impulse-type water turbine for very low heads in which a jet of water in the form of a flat sheet passes transversely through the turbine, so going through the runner twice. The thin runner blades which run horizontally across the turbine parallel to the axis of rotation are profiled in cross section. 一種用于非常低水頭的橫流脈沖式水輪機(jī)，其中平板形式的水射流橫向穿過渦輪機(jī)，因此穿過轉(zhuǎn)輪兩次。平行于旋轉(zhuǎn)軸水平穿過渦輪機(jī)的薄轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片在橫截面上具有輪廓。 |
| Dimensional stability | 尺寸穩(wěn)定性 |
Ability of a plastic part to retain the precise shape in which it was molded, fabricated, or cast. 塑料零件保持其成型、制造或鑄造時(shí)的精確形狀的能力。 |
| Intergranular cracking | 沿晶斷裂 |
Cracking or fracturing that occurs between the grains or crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline cracking. 多晶聚集體中的晶粒或晶體之間發(fā)生的開裂或斷裂。也稱為晶間斷裂。 |
| Compression wave | 壓縮波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨脹波）在流體或固體中，壓縮介質(zhì)傳播的行波或波前。 |
| Crack length (depth) (a) | 裂紋長度（深度）（a） |
In fatigue and stress corrosion cracking, the physical crack size used to determine the crack growth rate and the stress-intensity factor. For the compact-type specimen, crack length is measured from the line connecting the bearing points of load application. For the center-cracked-tension specimen, crack length is measured from the perpendicular bisector of the central crack. 在疲勞和應(yīng)力腐蝕裂紋中，用于確定裂紋擴(kuò)展速率和應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度因子的物理裂紋尺寸。對于緊湊型試樣，裂紋長度從連接載荷施加點(diǎn)的線開始測量。對于中心裂紋拉伸試樣，從中心裂紋的垂直平分線測量裂紋長度。 |
| Crystalline defects | 結(jié)晶缺陷 |
The deviations from a perfect three-dimensional atomic packing that are responsible for much of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. Crystal defects can be point defects (dislocations) or surface defects (vacancies), line defects (dislocations), or surface defects (grain boundaries). 與完美的三維原子堆積的偏差是造成材料的大部分結(jié)構(gòu)敏感特性的原因。晶體缺陷可以是點(diǎn)缺陷（位錯(cuò)）或表面缺陷（空位）、線缺陷（位錯(cuò)）或表面缺陷（晶界）。 |
| Ductile crack propagation | 延性裂紋擴(kuò)展 |
Slow crack propagation that is accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from outside the body. 緩慢的裂紋擴(kuò)展，伴隨著明顯的塑性變形，需要從外部提供能量。 |
| Transgranular fracture | 穿晶斷裂 |
Fracture in crystalline materials where the path of cracking is predominantly across grains. 晶體材料中的斷裂，其中裂紋路徑主要跨越晶粒。 |
| Quarter hard | （1/4H）低硬（回火） |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非鐵合金和某些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點(diǎn)是抗拉強(qiáng)度介于軟態(tài)和半硬態(tài)之間。 |
| Radius of bend | 彎曲半徑 |
The radius of the cylindrical surface of the pin or mandrel that comes in contact with the inside surface of the bend during bending. For free or semiguided bends to 180° in which a shim or block is used, the radius of bend is one-half the thickness of the shim or block. 在彎曲過程中與彎曲內(nèi)表面接觸的銷或心軸的圓柱面半徑。對于使用墊片或墊塊的180°自由彎曲或半導(dǎo)向彎曲，彎曲半徑為墊片或墊板厚度的一半。 |
| V-belt | 三角帶 |
A drive belt having a trapezoidal cross section which runs in pulleys with V-shaped grooves. Higher torques can be transmitted than with a flat belt. 一種具有梯形橫截面的傳動(dòng)帶，在帶V形槽的皮帶輪中運(yùn)行。與平皮帶相比，可以傳遞更高的扭矩。 |
| Superheating | 過熱 |
Heating above the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation should occur without actually obtaining the transformation. 在不實(shí)際獲得相變的情況下，加熱到應(yīng)發(fā)生平衡相變的溫度以上。 |
| 顯示更多數(shù)據(jù)，請使用查詢功能！ | ||