| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| T-bolt | T型螺栓 |
A threaded bolt having a square or rectangular end which fits into the T slot of a machine table for clamping workpieces. 一種帶有方形或矩形端頭的螺栓，可嵌入機(jī)床工作臺(tái)的T形槽中，用于夾緊工件。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在機(jī)床工作臺(tái)上用一種特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容納T形螺栓的方頭，用于夾緊工件。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止動(dòng)墊圈（鎖緊墊圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一種墊圈，具有一個(gè)或多個(gè)突出凸耳，可彎曲以防止螺母或螺栓頭松動(dòng)。 |
| Tangent modulus | 切線模量 |
The slope of the stress-strain curve at any specified stress or strain. See also modulus of elasticity. 在任何規(guī)定的應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變下，應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線的斜率。另見(jiàn)彈性模量。 |
| Tangent screw | 微動(dòng)螺旋 |
A worm screw used to adjust measuring instruments such as sextants and vernier callipers. 用于調(diào)整六分儀和游標(biāo)卡尺等測(cè)量?jī)x器的蝸桿。 |
| Tangential load (Unit N) | 切向荷載（單位：N） |
The component of load applied to an object, such as a gear, that tends to cause or resist rotation. 旋轉(zhuǎn)力施加在物體上的載荷分量，如齒輪，傾向于引起或阻止旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Tap | 旋塞 |
1. A threaded hard metal plug for cutting screw threads in holes. It has longitudinal grooves for the clearance of chips while cutting. Progressive cutting is achieved by using three taps in succession: taper, second, and plug. First and second taps have tapers to help start the thread along the axis of the hole; the plug tap has no taper and is used on the final cut in a blind hole. 2. A valve in, or at the end of, a pipeline. 1.一種用于在孔中切割螺紋的螺紋硬金屬塞。它具有縱向凹槽，用于在切割時(shí)清除切屑。漸進(jìn)式切割通過(guò)連續(xù)使用三個(gè)絲錐實(shí)現(xiàn)：錐度、二次和塞。第一和第二絲錐具有錐度，以幫助沿孔的軸線開(kāi)始螺紋；塞式絲錐沒(méi)有錐度，用于盲孔的最終切割。2.管道中或管道末端的閥門。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺絲攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一種杠桿，其中心有一個(gè)可調(diào)節(jié)的方孔，絲錐柄安裝在該孔中，以便施加扭矩以切斷螺紋。 |
| Taper | 變尖 |
A gradual, often linear, reduction in cross section or shape. A shaft or hole that gets gradually smaller toward one end. 橫截面或形狀的逐漸減小，通常是線性的。一端逐漸變小的軸或孔。 |
| Taper key | 楔鍵 |
A key with parallel sides but tapering cross section along its length. 邊平行但橫截面沿其長(zhǎng)度逐漸變細(xì)的鍵。 |
| Taper pins | 圓錐銷 |
A pin or peg of circular cross section that tapers along its length. Steel pins used for locating and holding the machine parts in position on a shaft. 沿其長(zhǎng)度逐漸變細(xì)的圓形橫截面的銷釘或銷釘。用于在軸上定位和固定機(jī)器零件的鋼銷。 |
| Tare weight (Unit N) | 皮重（單位N） |
The weight of an empty container. 空容器的重量。 |
| Tear strength (Unit N/m) | 撕裂強(qiáng)度（單位：N/m） |
The tensile force divided by the sheet thickness required to tear a pre-split sheet material at a specified rate. Particularly used for plastics, rubber, fabrics, and elastomers. Since the units are not those of stress but equivalent to J/m2, the units of toughness, the term ‘strength’ is strictly incorrect. 按規(guī)定速率撕裂預(yù)裂片材所需的張力除以片材厚度。特別用于塑料、橡膠、織物和彈性體。由于單位不是應(yīng)力單位，而是相當(dāng)于J/m2，韌性單位，“強(qiáng)度”一詞是完全錯(cuò)誤的。 |
| Teeth | 齒 |
The projecting elements on gears, cutting tools, etc. 齒輪、刀具等上的突出元件。 |
| Temper | 回火 |
(1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. （1）在熱處理中，將硬化鋼或硬化鑄鐵重新加熱到共析溫度以下的溫度，以降低硬度和增加韌性。該工藝有時(shí)也適用于正火鋼。（2）在工具鋼中，有時(shí)使用回火來(lái)表示碳含量，但這是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?。?）在非鐵合金和一些鐵合金（不能通過(guò)熱處理硬化的鋼）中，通過(guò)機(jī)械或熱處理或兩者產(chǎn)生的硬度和強(qiáng)度，其特征是在冷加工過(guò)程中具有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)、機(jī)械性能或面積減小。 |
| Temper color | 回火顏色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一種薄的、緊密粘附的氧化皮，當(dāng)鋼在低溫或短時(shí)間內(nèi)在空氣或輕度氧化氣氛中回火時(shí)形成。顏色范圍從稻草色到藍(lán)色，取決于氧化皮的厚度，隨回火時(shí)間和溫度而變化。 |
| Temper embrittlement | 回火脆化 |
Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature but only rarely produces a low value of reduction in area in a smooth-bar tension test of the embrittled material. The anomalous reduction in toughness of martensitic stainless steels when tempered in the range 370–600°C. Embrittlement of alloy steels caused by holding within or cooling slowly through a temperature range just below the transformation range. Embrittlement is the result of the segregation at grain boundaries of impurities such as arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, and tin; it is usually manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Temper embrittlement can be reversed by retempering above the critical temperature range, then cooling rapidly. 當(dāng)某些鋼保持在低于轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的某一溫度范圍內(nèi)或緩慢冷卻時(shí)產(chǎn)生的脆性。脆性表現(xiàn)為延性到脆性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度的向上移動(dòng)，但在脆性材料的平滑棒材拉伸試驗(yàn)中，很少產(chǎn)生較小的面積減小值。馬氏體不銹鋼在370–600°C范圍內(nèi)回火時(shí)的韌性異常降低。合金鋼的脆化是由于在低于轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的溫度范圍內(nèi)保持或緩慢冷卻而引起的。脆化是雜質(zhì)（如砷、銻、磷和錫）在晶界處偏析的結(jié)果；它通常表現(xiàn)為韌脆轉(zhuǎn)變溫度的上升?；鼗鸫嗷梢酝ㄟ^(guò)在臨界溫度范圍以上重新回火，然后快速冷卻來(lái)逆轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Temperature (Unit K or °C) | 溫度（單位K或°C） |
A quantitative measure of the molecular kinetic energy of a substance and so how hot or cold it is. 物質(zhì)分子動(dòng)能的定量量度，以及它的冷熱程度。 |
| Temperature factor | 溫度系數(shù) |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. Accounts for the effects of thermal expansion and the temperature-induced change in the velocity of sound. 用于螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變超聲波測(cè)量的校準(zhǔn)常數(shù)。說(shuō)明了熱膨脹和溫度引起的聲速變化的影響。 |
| Tempered martensite embrittlement | 回火馬氏體脆化 |
Embrittlement of ultrahigh-strength steels caused by tempering in the temperature range of 205 to 400 °C (400 to 750 °F); also called 350 °C or 500 °F embrittlement. Tempered martensite embrittlement is thought to result from the combined effects of cementite precipitation on prioraustenite grain boundaries or interlath boundaries and the segregation of impurities at prioraustenite grain boundaries. 超高強(qiáng)度鋼在205至400°C（400至750°F）溫度范圍內(nèi)回火引起的脆化；也稱為350°C或500°F脆化。回火馬氏體脆化被認(rèn)為是由于滲碳體沉淀在原奧氏體晶界或?qū)娱g晶界上以及雜質(zhì)在原奧氏體晶粒邊界處偏析的綜合影響。 |
| Temporal decomposition | 時(shí)間分解 |
The splitting of a control problem into parts with relatively short and long time constant so that different controllers may be used for the different parts. 將控制問(wèn)題分解為具有相對(duì)較短和較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間常數(shù)的部分，以便不同的部分可以使用不同的控制器。 |
| Tensile strength (Unit Pa) | 抗拉強(qiáng)度（單位Pa） |
In tension testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area. Also known as ultimate strength. The resistance that a material offers to tensile stress. It is defined as the smallest tensile stress required to break the body. ?(ultimate strength, ultimate tensile strength, UTS, Rm, Rm) The nominal or engineering stress given by the maximum load in a tension test divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. The maximum load could be the fracture load for a brittle material, but for a ductile material it is usually taken as the load at which necking begins, beyond which the load falls. 在拉伸試驗(yàn)中，最大載荷與原始橫截面積之比。也稱為極限強(qiáng)度。材料對(duì)拉伸應(yīng)力的抵抗力。它被定義為破壞主體所需的最小拉伸應(yīng)力。（極限強(qiáng)度、極限抗拉強(qiáng)度、UTS、Rm、Rm）拉伸試驗(yàn)中最大載荷除以試樣原始橫截面積得出的標(biāo)稱或工程應(yīng)力。對(duì)于脆性材料，最大載荷可以是斷裂載荷，但對(duì)于韌性材料，最大荷載通常被視為頸縮開(kāi)始時(shí)的載荷，超過(guò)該載荷時(shí)，載荷下降。 |
| Tensile stress (Unit Pa) | 拉應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on either side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart. A stress that tends to stretch a component, or local region of a component, when under load. In simple tension it results from the applied axial load, but tensile stresses occur in bending, torsion and other forms of loading. 一種應(yīng)力，使彈性體的兩個(gè)部分在典型應(yīng)力平面的任一側(cè)分離。在負(fù)載下，傾向于拉伸部件或部件局部區(qū)域的應(yīng)力。在簡(jiǎn)單拉伸中，它由施加的軸向載荷產(chǎn)生，但拉伸應(yīng)力發(fā)生在彎曲、扭轉(zhuǎn)和其他形式的載荷中。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸試驗(yàn)（拉力試驗(yàn)） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一種試驗(yàn)，在這種試驗(yàn)中，精密加工的拉伸試樣（拉伸試件）的橫截面通常為圓形或矩形，具有在試驗(yàn)機(jī)中夾緊的大端部，受到越來(lái)越大的拉伸載荷，通常達(dá)到斷裂點(diǎn)，以產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線，從中可以看出彈性模量、比例極限等材料特性，可以確定驗(yàn)證應(yīng)力、屈服點(diǎn)和極限拉伸應(yīng)力。相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為ISO 6892-1。 |
| Tensiometer | 張力計(jì) |
An instrument used to measure surface tension. 用來(lái)測(cè)量表面張力的儀器。 |
| Tension | 拉伸 |
The force or load that produces elongation. 1. The condition in a bar, belt, cable, spring, string, wire, etc. that is being pulled from either end. 2. (tensile force) (unit N) The force associated with tension as in (1). It is measured by a tension meter. 伸長(zhǎng)力產(chǎn)生伸長(zhǎng)的力或載荷。1.從兩端拉出的桿、帶、電纜、彈簧、線、線等的狀態(tài)。2.（張力）（單位N）與張力相關(guān)的力。 |
| Tension joint | 張力接頭 |
A joint which is primarily subjected to loads acting more or less parallel to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少平行于螺栓軸線的載荷的接頭。 |
| Tension testing | 張力測(cè)試 |
A method of determining the behavior of materials subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the metal. A longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs. Also known as tensile testing. 一種確定材料在單軸載荷下的行為的方法，這種載荷傾向于拉伸金屬。將已知長(zhǎng)度和直徑的縱向試樣夾持在兩端，并以緩慢、受控的速率拉伸，直到發(fā)生斷裂。也稱為拉伸測(cè)試。 |
| Tension, bolt | 螺栓張力 |
Tension (tensile stress) created in the bolt by assembly preloads and=or such things as thermal expansion, service loads, etc. 由組件預(yù)載和=或熱膨脹、工作載荷等因素在螺栓中產(chǎn)生的張力（拉伸應(yīng)力）。 |
| Tensioner | 張緊器 |
A hydraulic tool used to tighten a fastener by stretching it rather than by applying a substantial torque to the nut. After the tension has stretched the bolt or stud, the nut is run down against the joint with a modest torque, and the tensioner is disengaged from the fastener. The nut holds the stretch produced by the tensioner. 一種液壓工具，用于通過(guò)拉伸緊固件而不是對(duì)螺母施加較大扭矩來(lái)擰緊緊固件。張力拉伸螺栓或螺柱后，以適當(dāng)?shù)呐ぞ貙⒙菽赶蛳聣嚎拷宇^，張緊器與緊固件分離。螺母保持張緊器產(chǎn)生的拉伸。 |
| Tensometer | 拉力計(jì) |
A bench-top device, used to perform tension and compression tests. 用于進(jìn)行拉伸和壓縮試驗(yàn)的臺(tái)式裝置。 |
| Tera (T) | 特拉（T） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 1012; thus terawatt (TW) is a unit of power equal to one trillion watts. 指示乘數(shù)1012的SI單位前綴；因此，太瓦（TW）是等于1萬(wàn)億瓦的功率單位。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 終端溫差（單位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 熱交換器入口或出口處兩種流體流之間的溫差。 |
| Terminal velocity (Unit m/s) | 終端速度（單位：m/s） |
The velocity reached by an object in free fall through a fluid when the upward drag and buoyancy forces just balance the object’s weight. For an object with a density lower than that of the fluid, the terminal velocity is vertically upwards. 當(dāng)向上的阻力和浮力正好平衡物體的重量時(shí)，物體自由下落通過(guò)流體達(dá)到的速度。對(duì)于密度低于流體密度的物體，終端速度垂直向上。 |
| Testing machine | 試驗(yàn)機(jī) |
A machine used to apply either a steady or oscillatory or impact load to a testpiece. The load may be tensile, compressive, shear, bending, or torsional. 用于向試件施加穩(wěn)定或振蕩或沖擊載荷的機(jī)器。載荷可以是拉伸的、壓縮的、剪切的、彎曲的或扭轉(zhuǎn)的。 |
| Testing machine (load-measuring type) | 試驗(yàn)機(jī)（負(fù)載測(cè)量型） |
A mechanical device for applying a load (force) to a specimen. 向試樣施加載荷（力）的機(jī)械裝置。 |
| Thermal analysis | 熱分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一種通過(guò)記錄發(fā)生熱阻的溫度來(lái)確定金屬轉(zhuǎn)變的方法。這些阻力表現(xiàn)為繪制或機(jī)械追蹤的加熱和冷卻曲線斜率的變化。當(dāng)這些數(shù)據(jù)在加熱和冷卻的近似平衡條件下得到保證時(shí)，該方法通常用于確定構(gòu)建平衡圖所需的某些臨界溫度。 |
| Thermal compressor | 熱壓縮機(jī) |
1. (thermocompressor) A jet compressor used to boost the pressure of low-pressure waste or exhaust steam. 2. A device consisting of an absorber, a generator, a pump, and a throttling device, used instead of a mechanical vapour compressor in an absorption-cooling refrigeration system. 1.（熱壓縮機(jī)）用于提升低壓廢蒸汽或排氣壓力的噴射壓縮機(jī)。2.一種由吸收器、發(fā)電機(jī)、泵和節(jié)流裝置組成的裝置，用于替代吸收冷卻制冷系統(tǒng)中的機(jī)械蒸汽壓縮機(jī)。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 熱效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 對(duì)于熱機(jī)或熱力循環(huán)，凈功輸出與系統(tǒng)凈熱輸入的比率。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 熱電動(dòng)勢(shì) |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 當(dāng)一個(gè)結(jié)處于不同于另一個(gè)結(jié)的溫度時(shí)，在含有兩種不同金屬的電路中產(chǎn)生的電動(dòng)勢(shì)。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 熱能（單位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 內(nèi)能的感知和潛在形式。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 熱疲勞 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于溫度梯度的存在而產(chǎn)生的疲勞，溫度梯度隨時(shí)間變化，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生循環(huán)應(yīng)力。 |
| Thermal insulation (insulation) | 隔熱（絕緣） |
A material that may be a low-conductivity solid, or a porous solid or fabric in which there are voids containing air or another gas, resulting in overall low thermal conductivity. When applied to the surface of a hot or cold object, surface heat transfer is generally reduced. 一種材料，可以是低導(dǎo)電性固體，或多孔固體或織物，其中存在含有空氣或其他氣體的空隙，從而導(dǎo)致整體低導(dǎo)熱性。當(dāng)應(yīng)用于熱或冷物體的表面時(shí)，表面?zhèn)鳠嵬ǔp少。 |
| Thermal reactor | 熱反應(yīng)器 |
An enlarged exhaust manifold bolted directly to the cylinder head of a piston engine, in which the oxidation of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas is enhanced. 一種擴(kuò)大的排氣歧管，直接用螺栓固定在活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的氣缸蓋上，其中一氧化碳和未燃燒碳?xì)浠衔锏难趸饔迷鰪?qiáng)。 |
| Thermal shock | 熱沖擊 |
The development of a steep temperature gradient and accompanying high stresses within a structure. 在結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)形成陡峭的溫度梯度和伴隨的高應(yīng)力。 |
| Thermal stresses | 熱應(yīng)力 |
Stresses in metal resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. 由不均勻溫度分布引起的金屬應(yīng)力。 |
| Thermochemical treatment | 熱化學(xué)處理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a medium suitably chosen to produce a change in the chemical composition of the object by exchange with the medium. 在適當(dāng)選擇的介質(zhì)中進(jìn)行熱處理，以通過(guò)與介質(zhì)交換產(chǎn)生物體化學(xué)成分的變化。 |
| Thermocouple | 熱電偶 |
A device for measuring temperature, consisting of lengths of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at one end and connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the other end. When one junction is hotter than the other, a thermal electromotive force is produced that is roughly proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions. 一種測(cè)量溫度的裝置，由兩種不同的金屬或合金組成，一端電連接，另一端與電壓測(cè)量?jī)x相連。當(dāng)一個(gè)結(jié)比另一個(gè)結(jié)更熱時(shí)，產(chǎn)生的熱電動(dòng)勢(shì)大致與熱結(jié)和冷結(jié)之間的溫差成比例。 |
| Thermodynamic pressure (Unit Pa) | 熱力學(xué)壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure within a fluid given by an equation of state such as p(ρ,T) where ρ is the fluid density and T is the absolute temperature of the fluid. 流體中的壓力由狀態(tài)方程給出，如p（ρ，T），其中ρ是流體密度，T是流體的絕對(duì)溫度。 |
| Thermodynamic process | 熱力學(xué)過(guò)程 |
A change in equilibrium state undergone by a quantity of matter or a system. 一定量的物質(zhì)或系統(tǒng)所經(jīng)歷的平衡狀態(tài)的變化。 |
| Thermodynamic properties | 熱力學(xué)性質(zhì) |
Temperature, pressure, and the intensive properties that define the state of a working fluid: specific internal energy, specific enthalpy and specific entropy. 溫度、壓力和定義工作流體狀態(tài)的密集屬性：比內(nèi)能、比焓和比熵。 |
| Thermodynamic state | 熱力學(xué)狀態(tài) |
The condition of a system or working fluid according to its properties. 系統(tǒng)或工作流體根據(jù)其性質(zhì)的狀態(tài)。 |
| Thermodynamics laws | 熱力學(xué)定律 |
The zeroth, first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics. 熱力學(xué)第零、第一、第二和第三定律。 |
| Thermoelastic effect | 熱彈性效應(yīng) |
The change in temperature of material under adiabatic elastic deformation, e.g. when loading is so rapid that the material is not in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. For most materials, elastic tension lowers the temperature and compression raises it. The reverse occurs in elastomers such as rubber that exhibit entropic elasticity because stretching reduces the number of possible molecular configurations and so reduces the entropy. The thermoelastic effect gives rise to a stress–strain hysteresis loop in cyclic elastic loading and is one mechanism by which vibrational energy is dissipated internally in materials. 材料在絕熱彈性變形下的溫度變化，例如當(dāng)加載速度如此之快，以至于材料與其周圍環(huán)境不處于熱平衡時(shí)。對(duì)于大多數(shù)材料，彈性張力降低溫度，壓縮提高溫度。相反的情況發(fā)生在彈性體中，如橡膠，其表現(xiàn)出熵彈性，因?yàn)槔鞙p少了可能的分子構(gòu)型的數(shù)量，從而降低了熵。熱彈性效應(yīng)在循環(huán)彈性載荷中產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變遲滯回線，是振動(dòng)能量在材料內(nèi)部耗散的一種機(jī)制。 |
| Thermoelectric converter | 熱電轉(zhuǎn)換器 |
(thermoelectric generator) A device consisting of series-connected alternate n- and p-type semiconductor elements sandwiched between two ceramic plates. Due to the Seebeck effect, electrical power is generated when a temperature difference is maintained across the plates. Due to the Peltier effect, a thermoelectric converter can act as either a thermoelectric heater or a thermoelectric cooler (thermoelectric refrigerator) by passing an electrical current through it. The thermoelectric figure of merit (Z), with unit 1/K, is a dimensional parameter on which the efficiency of a thermoelectric device is primarily dependent, defined by Z = σα2/k where α is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, and k is the thermal conductivity. The product of Z and a temperature is non-dimensional. （熱電發(fā)生器）由串聯(lián)連接的交替的n型和p型半導(dǎo)體元件夾在兩塊陶瓷板之間組成的裝置。由于塞貝克效應(yīng)，當(dāng)板之間保持溫差時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生電能。由于珀?duì)柼?yīng)，熱電轉(zhuǎn)換器可以通過(guò)使電流通過(guò)而充當(dāng)熱電加熱器或熱電冷卻器（熱電制冷機(jī)）。熱電優(yōu)值（Z）和第一單元/K是一個(gè)尺寸參數(shù)，熱電裝置的效率主要取決于此，由Z=σα2/K定義，其中α是塞貝克系數(shù)，σ是電導(dǎo)率，K是熱導(dǎo)率。Z和溫度的乘積是無(wú)量綱的。 |
| Thermoelectric junction | 熱電結(jié) |
A welded, soldered, or twisted connection between the ends of two wires of dissimilar metals, as in a thermocouple. 兩根不同金屬線的末端之間的焊接、錫焊或絞合連接，如熱電偶。 |
| Thermoelectric material | 熱電材料 |
A material in which any of the thermoelectric phenomena, such as the Peltier, Seebeck, and Thomson effects, are especially strong. 一種熱電現(xiàn)象特別強(qiáng)烈的材料，如珀?duì)柼?yīng)、塞貝克效應(yīng)和湯姆森效應(yīng)。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 熱機(jī)械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一個(gè)通用術(shù)語(yǔ)，涵蓋結(jié)合受控?zé)崽幚砗妥冃翁幚硪垣@得特定性能的各種工藝。與熱機(jī)械處理相同。 |
| Thread form | 螺紋形式 |
The cross-sectional shape of the threads, defining thread angle, root, and crest profiles, etc. Thread length Length of that portion of the fastener which contains threads cut or rolled to full depth. 螺紋的橫截面形狀，定義螺紋角度、齒根和齒冠輪廓等。螺紋長(zhǎng)度：緊固件中包含全深度切割或軋制螺紋的部分的長(zhǎng)度。 |
| Thread grinding | 螺紋磨削 |
A method for producing or finishing very precise screw threads using a profiled grinding wheel. 一種使用異形砂輪生產(chǎn)或精加工非常精密螺紋的方法。 |
| Thread insert | 螺紋嵌件 |
(threaded bushing) Either a thin cylinder with an internal thread (and sometimes also an external thread) or a helical coil of wire, pressed or screwed into a hole to accept a bolt or screw. Used in material too soft or a component too thin to be threaded, to change one form of thread to another or to repair a damaged thread. （螺紋襯套）一種帶有內(nèi)螺紋（有時(shí)也有外螺紋）的薄圓柱體或螺旋形線圈，壓入或擰入孔中以接受螺栓或螺釘。用于材料太軟或部件太薄而無(wú)法螺紋連接，用于將一種形式的螺紋更換為另一種形式或修復(fù)損壞的螺紋。 |
| Thread milling | 螺紋銑削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺紋銑削是在螺紋銑刀中用銑刀切削螺紋的一種方法。螺紋銑刀為單形或多形，用于傳統(tǒng)或行星式螺紋銑刀。 |
| Thread rolling | 滾絲 |
Thread rolling (also known as roll threading) is a cold forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Polygonal blanks are also thread rolled for the purpose of fabricating thread-forming and self-locking screws. The preferred polygonal shape is trilobular and is produced in flat die machines. 螺紋滾壓（也稱為滾壓螺紋）是一種冷成型工藝，通過(guò)將硬化鋼模具的壓痕滾壓到圓柱形或錐形坯料的表面來(lái)生產(chǎn)螺紋或其他螺旋或環(huán)形形狀。多邊形坯料也進(jìn)行螺紋軋制，以制造螺紋成型和自鎖螺釘。優(yōu)選的多邊形形狀為三棱形，并在平模機(jī)中生產(chǎn)。 |
| Thread run-out | 螺紋耗盡 |
That portion of the threads which are not cut or rolled full depth, but which provide the transition between full-depth threads and the body or head. Officially called thread washout or vanish, although the term run-out is more popular. (Run-out is officially reserved for rotational eccentricity, as defined by total indicator readings or the like.) 未全深度切割或軋制的螺紋部分，但提供全深度螺紋與主體或頭部之間的過(guò)渡。官方稱之為螺紋沖蝕或消失，但術(shù)語(yǔ)“耗盡”更為流行。（跳動(dòng)是官方為旋轉(zhuǎn)偏心度保留的，由總指示器讀數(shù)等定義。） |
| Threaded fastener | 螺紋緊固件 |
Studs, bolts, and screws of all sorts, with associated nuts. One of the most interesting, complex, useful—and frustrating—components yet devised. 各種螺柱、螺栓和螺釘，以及相關(guān)的螺母。 |
| Threading machine | 螺紋機(jī) |
A machine used to cut an external thread on a rod, tube, bolt blank, etc. or an internal thread in a hole, tube, nut blank, etc. 用于切割桿、管、螺栓毛坯等上的外螺紋或孔、管、螺母毛坯等中的內(nèi)螺紋的機(jī)器。 |
| Three-quarters hard | 四分之三硬度 |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about midway between those of half hard and full hard tempers. 一種非鐵合金和一些鐵合金的回火，其特征是抗拉強(qiáng)度和硬度介于半硬回火和全硬回火之間。 |
| Threshold stress for stress-corrosion cracking (σth) | 應(yīng)力腐蝕開(kāi)裂閾值應(yīng)力（σth） |
An experimentally determined critical gross-section stress below which stress-corrosion cracking will not occur under specified test conditions. 實(shí)驗(yàn)確定的臨界總截面應(yīng)力，低于該應(yīng)力，在規(guī)定的試驗(yàn)條件下不會(huì)發(fā)生應(yīng)力腐蝕開(kāi)裂。 |
| Thumb screw | 蝶形螺釘 |
A type of screw having a winged or knurled head for turning by hand when a quick and light clamping effect is desired. 一種螺釘，具有翼形或滾花頭，當(dāng)需要快速、輕夾緊效果時(shí)，可手動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 |
| Tightness | 緊密度 |
A measure of the mass leak rate from a gasketed joint. 墊圈接頭質(zhì)量泄漏率的測(cè)量值。 |
| Tightness parameter | 密封參數(shù) |
A dimensionless parameter which defines the mass leakage of a gasket as a functionof contained pressure and a contained fluid constant. 一種無(wú)量綱參數(shù)，將墊圈的質(zhì)量泄漏定義為所含壓力和所含流體常數(shù)的函數(shù)。 |
| Tightness, acceptable | 密封性，可接受的 |
Wholly leak-free joints are impossible, at least if the contained fluid is a gas, so it has been proposed that the design of a gasketed joint should start with the selection of an ‘‘a(chǎn)cceptable’’ leak rate. The designer would dimension bolts and joint members so that the actual leak rate would never exceed this. Three standard levels of tightness have been proposed as well. 至少在所含流體為氣體的情況下，完全無(wú)泄漏的接頭是不可能的，因此有人建議，墊圈接頭的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)從選擇“可接受”的泄漏率開(kāi)始。設(shè)計(jì)師將確定螺栓和接頭構(gòu)件的尺寸，以便實(shí)際泄漏率永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)超過(guò)此值。還提出了三種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的密封性等級(jí)。 |
| Time quenching | 時(shí)間淬火 |
A term used to describe a quench in which the cooling rate of the part being quenched must be changed abruptly at some time during the cooling cycle. 用于描述淬火的術(shù)語(yǔ)，其中被淬火零件的冷卻速率必須在冷卻循環(huán)的某個(gè)時(shí)間突然改變。 |
| Toggle (toggle clamp) | 撥動(dòng)（撥動(dòng)夾） |
A device consisting of two pinned levers that are almost in line between two end points in the same plane. Bringing the levers into line generates large forces between the ends. Used to obtain a large mechanical advantage or as a locking mechanism. 由兩個(gè)銷桿組成的裝置，在同一平面的兩個(gè)端點(diǎn)之間幾乎成一條直線。將杠桿對(duì)齊會(huì)在端部之間產(chǎn)生較大的力。用于獲得較大的機(jī)械優(yōu)勢(shì)或用作鎖定機(jī)構(gòu)。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差極限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定義零件尺寸或其他質(zhì)量特性允許偏差范圍的極值（上限和下限）。 |
| Tolerances | 公差 |
A fractional allowance for variation from the specifications. In mass production, using automatic machines, parts are intended to be completely or partially interchangeable, and in batch production parts should ideally fit without the need for selection. In practice it is impossible for mass-produced parts to have exactly the same size, owing to tool wear, variations in raw materials, thermal effects, etc. In consequence, variations from exactness, termed tolerances, are assigned to what is permissible on the basic size. 與規(guī)范不同的部分公差。在大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)中，使用自動(dòng)機(jī)器時(shí)，零件應(yīng)完全或部分可互換，在批量生產(chǎn)中，零件應(yīng)理想匹配，無(wú)需選擇。在實(shí)踐中，由于刀具磨損、原材料變化、熱效應(yīng)等原因，批量生產(chǎn)的零件不可能具有完全相同的尺寸。因此，將精度偏差（稱為公差）指定給基本尺寸上允許的尺寸。 |
| Tooth lock washers | 帶齒鎖緊墊圈 |
These washers serve to lock fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, to the component parts of an assembly, or increase the friction between the fasteners and the assembly. They are designated in a manner similar to helical spring lock washers, and are available in carbon steel. 這些墊圈用于將緊固件（如螺栓和螺母）鎖定到組件的零部件上，或增加緊固件與組件之間的摩擦力。它們的設(shè)計(jì)方式類似于螺旋彈簧鎖緊墊圈，可采用碳鋼。 |
| Toothed belt | 齒帶 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一種扁平皮帶，通常由增強(qiáng)橡膠材料制成，帶有橫向齒，與車輪或皮帶輪上的齒嚙合。 |
| Toothed gearing | 齒輪傳動(dòng) |
In principle, friction between circular discs in tangential contact could be used to transmit rotation and power between shafts, but the power level would be very limited and the velocity ratio affected by slip. To make the drive positive, gear wheels are used instead in which teeth extend above and below the diameters (the pitch-circle diameters) of discs in ideal rolling contact. The diagram shows the nomenclature for spur gears, the simplest type of gearing between parallel shafts, which are cylindrical in shape with straight teeth parallel to the axis of rotation. 原則上，切向接觸的圓盤之間的摩擦可用于在軸之間傳遞旋轉(zhuǎn)和動(dòng)力，但動(dòng)力水平非常有限，速比受滑動(dòng)的影響。為了使驅(qū)動(dòng)積極，使用齒輪代替，齒輪中的齒延伸到理想滾動(dòng)接觸的圓盤直徑（節(jié)圓直徑）的上方和下方。該圖顯示了直齒輪的名稱，這是平行軸之間最簡(jiǎn)單的齒輪傳動(dòng)類型，其形狀為圓柱形，直齒平行于旋轉(zhuǎn)軸。 |
| Torque (T) (Unit N.m) | 扭矩（T）（單位：N.m） |
The twisting moment, product of force and wrench length, applied to a nut or bolt (for example). The twisting moment of a force or couple about an axis which results in torsion. 施加在螺母或螺栓（例如）上的扭矩，是力和扳手長(zhǎng)度的乘積。力或力偶繞軸產(chǎn)生扭轉(zhuǎn)的力矩。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的桿，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如電鉆。 |
| Torque coefficient | 扭矩系數(shù) |
1. (KT) For a propeller of diameter D, a non-dimensional parameter defined by KT?= T/ρΩ2D5?where Ω is the rotational speed (in rad/s) and ρ is the fluid density. 2. (CT) An alternative to (1) for a wind turbine, defined by CT?= 2T/ρV2AR where V is the wind speed, A is the swept area of the blades, and R is the blade radius. 3. (K) An empirical coefficient used to calculate the torque T required to achieve an axial load F in a bolt according to T = KFd where d is the nominal bolt diameter. 1.（KT）對(duì)于直徑為D的螺旋槳，由KT=T/ρΩ2D5定義的無(wú)量綱參數(shù)，其中Ω是轉(zhuǎn)速（單位為rad/s），ρ是流體密度。2.（CT）對(duì)于風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)（1）的替代方案，由CT=2T/ρV2AR定義，其中V是風(fēng)速，a是葉片的掃掠面積，R是葉片半徑。3.（K）經(jīng)驗(yàn)系數(shù)，用于根據(jù)T=KFd計(jì)算螺栓中實(shí)現(xiàn)軸向載荷F所需的扭矩T，其中d是螺栓標(biāo)稱直徑。 |
| Torque control | 扭矩控制 |
A system of optimizing rotor speed for a variable-speed wind turbine by controlling the torque demands of the generator. 通過(guò)控制發(fā)電機(jī)的扭矩需求來(lái)優(yōu)化變速風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子速度的系統(tǒng)。 |
| Torque converter | 變矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的渦輪機(jī)，由葉輪、渦輪機(jī)和反作用構(gòu)件組成。應(yīng)用包括機(jī)動(dòng)車變速器。 |
| Torque meter | 扭矩計(jì) |
An instrument for measuring torque using spring-loaded, piezoelectric, or strain-gauged devices. 使用彈簧加載、壓電或應(yīng)變測(cè)量裝置測(cè)量扭矩的儀器。 |
| Torque monitor | 扭矩監(jiān)測(cè)器 |
A torque tool control system which monitors the amount of torque being developed by the tool during use, but does not control the tool or the torque produced. 一種扭矩工具控制系統(tǒng)，監(jiān)控工具在使用過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的扭矩量，但不控制工具或產(chǎn)生的扭矩。 |
| Torque motor | 力矩電機(jī) |
A type of induction motor that can apply a steady torque even when prevented from rotating. 一種感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)，即使被阻止旋轉(zhuǎn)也能施加穩(wěn)定的轉(zhuǎn)矩。 |
| Torque multiplier | 扭矩放大器 |
A gearbox used to multiply the torque produced by a small hand wrench (usually a Torque wrench). The output of the multiplier drives the nut or bolt with a torque that is higher, and a speed that is lower, than input torque and speed. There is no torque gage or readout on the multiplier. 一種齒輪箱，用于增加小手動(dòng)扳手（通常是扭矩扳手）產(chǎn)生的扭矩。倍增器的輸出以比輸入扭矩和速度更高的扭矩和更低的速度驅(qū)動(dòng)螺母或螺栓。倍增器上沒(méi)有扭矩計(jì)或讀數(shù)。 |
| Torque pack | 扭矩包 |
A geared wrench which multiplies input torque and provides a read-out of output torque. In effect, a combination of a Torque wrench and a Torque multiplier. 一種齒輪扳手，可增加輸入扭矩并提供輸出扭矩讀數(shù)。實(shí)際上，它是扭矩扳手和扭矩倍增器的組合。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（單位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有單個(gè)主旋翼的直升機(jī)中，機(jī)身沿與旋翼相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢(shì)。 |
| Torque wrench | 扭矩扳手 |
A manual wrench which incorporates a gage or measuring apparatus of some sort to measure and display the amount of torque being delivered to the nut or bolt. All wrenches produce torque. Only a torque wrench tells how much torque. A socket wrench or ring spanner that can be set to allow a specific torque to be applied to a nut or bolt head. 一種手動(dòng)扳手，包括某種量規(guī)或測(cè)量裝置，用于測(cè)量和顯示傳遞至螺母或螺栓的扭矩量。所有扳手都產(chǎn)生扭矩。只有扭矩扳手才能顯示扭矩大小。一種套筒扳手或梅花扳手，可設(shè)置為允許對(duì)螺母或螺栓頭施加特定扭矩。 |
| Torr | 托爾 |
A non-SI unit of pressure commonly used in vacuum systems; defined by 760 torr = 1 atm so that 1 torr = 133.322 368 4 Pa, and approximately equivalent to the pressure corresponding to 1 mm of mercury. 真空系統(tǒng)中常用的非SI壓力單位；由760托=1大氣壓定義，因此1托=133.3223684帕，近似等于對(duì)應(yīng)于1毫米汞柱的壓力。 |
| Torricellean barometer | 托里塞萊氣壓計(jì) |
A vertical glass tube with its upper end sealed and the lower end submerged in a pool of mercury. The space above the mercury is under vacuum. The height to which the mercury rises up the tube is a measure of the barometric pressure. 一種垂直的玻璃管，上端密封，下端浸入汞池中。水銀上方的空間處于真空狀態(tài)。水銀在管道中上升的高度是大氣壓力的量度。 |
| Torsion | 扭矩 |
A twisting deformation of a solid body about an axis in which lines that were initially parallel to the axis become helices. The twisting of an object about an axis due to an applied couple (torque). 一種固體繞軸的扭轉(zhuǎn)變形，在該變形中，最初平行于軸的線變成螺旋線。由于施加的力偶（扭矩），物體繞軸扭曲。 |
| Torsion bar | 扭桿 |
A metal bar designed to act as an elastic spring when torque is applied. 當(dāng)施加扭矩時(shí)用作彈性彈簧的金屬棒。 |
| Torsion spring | 扭簧 |
1. A spring in the form of a torsion bar. 2. A helical spring to which torque can be applied at the ends. 1.一種扭桿形式的彈簧。2.一種螺旋彈簧，其端部可施加扭矩。 |
| Torsion test | 扭力測(cè)試 |
A test designed to provide data for the calculation of the shear modulus, modulus of rupture in torsion, and yield strength in shear. 為計(jì)算剪切模量、扭轉(zhuǎn)斷裂模量和剪切屈服強(qiáng)度而設(shè)計(jì)的試驗(yàn)。 |
| Torsion-bar suspension | 扭桿懸架 |
A type of motor-vehicle suspension in which one end of a torsion bar is rigidly fixed to the chassis while the other carries a lever to which are attached the components that carry a wheel. In a torsion-beam suspension, a beam connects the wheels on either side of the vehicle. 一種汽車懸架，其中扭力桿的一端剛性固定在底盤上，而另一端帶有一個(gè)杠桿，杠桿上連接著承載車輪的部件。在扭轉(zhuǎn)梁懸架中，梁連接車輛兩側(cè)的車輪。 |
| Torsional angle (?) | 扭轉(zhuǎn)角（ψ） |
(Unit ° or rad) The angular deflexion between two locations on a straight bar subjected to a torque. （單位為°或rad）受扭矩作用的直桿上兩個(gè)位置之間的角偏轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Torsional shaft vibration | 扭軸振動(dòng) |
The rapid back-and-forth angular twisting along a rotating unbalanced shaft which reaches maxima at critical rotation speeds. Shaft eccentricity, unbalanced mass distribution, oscillatory torque, misalignment, etc. all influence torsional vibration. 沿旋轉(zhuǎn)不平衡軸的快速來(lái)回角扭轉(zhuǎn)，在臨界轉(zhuǎn)速下達(dá)到最大值。軸偏心、質(zhì)量分布不平衡、振蕩扭矩、未對(duì)準(zhǔn)等都會(huì)影響扭轉(zhuǎn)振動(dòng)。 |
| Torsional stress | 扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力 |
The shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting from a twisting action. 扭轉(zhuǎn)作用在橫截面上產(chǎn)生的剪切應(yīng)力。 |
| Total carbon | 總碳 |
The sum of the free and combined carbon (including carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy. 鐵合金中游離碳和結(jié)合碳（包括溶液中的碳）的總和。 |
| Total combustion air (Unit kg/s) | 總?cè)紵諝猓▎挝唬簁g/s） |
1. The combination of the stoichiometric flow of air required for combustion together with any excess air. 2. The flow of fresh air into a boiler plus any flue gas recirculated. 1.燃燒所需的化學(xué)計(jì)量空氣流與任何過(guò)量空氣的組合。2.進(jìn)入鍋爐的新鮮空氣流加上再循環(huán)的任何煙氣。 |
| Total elongation | 總伸長(zhǎng)率 |
A total amount of permanent extension of a test piece broken in a tensile test. 拉伸試驗(yàn)中斷裂試樣的永久延伸總量。 |
| Total energy (Unit J) | 總能量（單位J） |
The sum of all forms of energy associated with a system, including kinetic, potential, internal, magnetic, chemical, and electrical energy. 與系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的所有形式能量的總和，包括動(dòng)能、勢(shì)能、內(nèi)能、磁能、化學(xué)能和電能。 |
| Total head (hT) (Unit m) | 總水頭（hT）（單位：m） |
Total pressure pT expressed in terms of the vertical height of a column of liquid, typically water or mercury, i.e. hT?= pT/ρg where g is the acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the liquid density. 總壓力pT以液體柱（通常為水或汞）的垂直高度表示，即hT=pT/ρg，其中g(shù)為重力加速度，ρ為液體密度。 |
| Total heat (Unit kJ) | 總熱量（單位kJ） |
An alternative term for enthalpy. It is inappropriate as it suggests that it includes kinetic energy in the same way as total enthalpy, but it does not. Also, heat and enthalpy are quite different quantities, as their definitions show. 焓的另一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。這是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?，因?yàn)樗砻鳎▌?dòng)能的方式與總焓相同，但它實(shí)際上并不是的。此外，熱和焓是完全不同的量，正如它們的定義所示。 |
| Total-loss lubrication | 全損耗潤(rùn)滑 |
A system in which the lubricating oil for an internal-combustion engine is burned together with the fuel. 內(nèi)燃機(jī)潤(rùn)滑油與燃料一起燃燒的系統(tǒng)。 |
| Toughening mechanisms | 增韌機(jī)理 |
Various methods of increasing the resistance to crack initiation and propagation in materials. They include transformation toughening, in which the microstructure around the crack tip alters so as to slow down or arrest cracks; deflexion of cracks; various ways of de-sharpening crack tips; fibre bridging of cracks; and fibre pull-out. 增加材料中裂紋萌生和擴(kuò)展阻力的各種方法。它們包括相變?cè)鲰g，其中裂紋尖端周圍的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化，以減緩或阻止裂紋；裂紋偏轉(zhuǎn)；消除裂紋尖端銳化的各種方法；纖維橋接裂紋；和纖維拉出。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m2) | 韌性（單位：J/m2） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金屬在破裂前吸收能量和塑性變形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂紋萌生和擴(kuò)展的能力。2.材料在不發(fā)生斷裂的情況下吸收應(yīng)變能的能力。 |
| Tow | 拖拉 |
1. To cause a vehicle to move by pulling with a rope, chain, bar, etc. 2. A bundle of? fibres employed in reinforcement. 1.用繩子、鏈條、鋼筋等拉動(dòng)車輛移動(dòng)。2.用于加固的纖維束。 |
| Track rod | 橫拉桿 |
A bar connecting the ends of the steering arms in an automotive vehicle. 連接汽車轉(zhuǎn)向臂端部的桿。 |
| Tracking problem | 跟蹤問(wèn)題 |
A control problem where the set point changes with time and thus the plant output must follow the changing set point. The opposite of a regulator problem. 一種控制問(wèn)題，其中設(shè)定值隨時(shí)間變化，因此設(shè)備輸出必須遵循變化的設(shè)定值。與調(diào)節(jié)器問(wèn)題相反。 |
| Transducer | 傳感器 |
A device which converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer, for example, converts electrical energy into acoustic energy (at ultrasonic frequencies) and vice versa. 將一種形式的能量轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種形式能量的裝置。例如，超聲換能器將電能轉(zhuǎn)換為聲能（在超聲頻率下），反之亦然。 |
| Transfer machines | 轉(zhuǎn)印機(jī) |
These specialized machine tools are used to perform various machining operations on parts or parts in fixtures as the parts are moved along on an automatic conveyor which is part of the machine tool set-up. In a set-up, the parts can move in a straight line from their entry point to their exit point, or the setup may be constructed in a U-shape so that the parts are expelled near where they start. 當(dāng)零件在自動(dòng)輸送機(jī)上移動(dòng)時(shí)，這些專用機(jī)床用于對(duì)零件或夾具中的零件執(zhí)行各種加工操作，自動(dòng)輸送機(jī)是機(jī)床設(shè)置的一部分。在設(shè)置中，零件可以從其入口點(diǎn)直線移動(dòng)到其出口點(diǎn)，或者設(shè)置可以構(gòu)造為U形，以便零件在其起點(diǎn)附近排出。 |
| Transfer moulding | 轉(zhuǎn)移模塑 |
(resin-transfer moulding, RTM) A method of compression moulding polymers in which the dies are closed before the operation starts. （樹脂傳遞模塑，RTM）一種對(duì)聚合物進(jìn)行壓縮模塑的方法，其中模具在操作開(kāi)始前關(guān)閉。 |
| Transfer ratio | 傳輸比 |
(transfer constant) A complex variable representing the ratio between the output of a transducer and the input causing that output. （傳遞常數(shù)）一個(gè)復(fù)變量，表示傳感器輸出與產(chǎn)生該輸出的輸入之間的比率。 |
| Transformation temperature | 相變溫度 |
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels. 發(fā)生相位變化的溫度。該術(shù)語(yǔ)有時(shí)用于表示轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的極限溫度。以下符號(hào)用于鋼鐵。 |
| Transformation toughening | 相變?cè)鲰g |
The improvement of fracture toughness of a material by stress-induced transformation of the microstructure. 通過(guò)微結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)變來(lái)提高材料的斷裂韌性。 |
| Transgranular | 穿晶 |
Through or across crystals or grains. Also known as intracrystalline or transcrystalline. 穿過(guò)或橫穿晶體或顆粒。也稱為晶內(nèi)或晶間。 |
| Transgranular fracture | 穿晶斷裂 |
Fracture in crystalline materials where the path of cracking is predominantly across grains. 晶體材料中的斷裂，其中裂紋路徑主要跨越晶粒。 |
| Transition metals | 過(guò)渡金屬 |
Metallic elements from groups (columns) 3 to 12 of the periodic table. They include important metals such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and the noble metals. They have either body-centred cubic, face-centred cubic, or hexagonal close-packed crystal structure at room temperature and have a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. 元素周期表第3組至第12組（列）中的金屬元素。它們包括重要的金屬，如鈦、釩、鉻、錳、鐵、鈷、鋯、鈮、鉬、鉭、鎢和貴金屬。它們?cè)谑覝叵戮哂畜w心立方、面心立方或六方密排晶體結(jié)構(gòu)，并具有廣泛的機(jī)械和物理性能。 |
| Transition temperature (Unit K) | 轉(zhuǎn)變溫度（單位K） |
(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear)to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. (transition point) 1. The temperature at which the mechanism of fracture in metal alloys having a face-centred cubic crystal structure changes from ductile void growth to brittle cleavage. 2. The temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state to another. （1） 任意定義的溫度，位于金屬斷裂特性（通常通過(guò)缺口試樣的試驗(yàn)確定）快速變化的溫度范圍內(nèi)，如從主要纖維（剪切）斷裂到主要結(jié)晶（解理）斷裂。（2） 有時(shí)用于表示延性隨溫度快速變化的范圍內(nèi)的任意定義的溫度。（轉(zhuǎn)變點(diǎn)）1.具有面心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的金屬合金的斷裂機(jī)制從韌性孔洞生長(zhǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇嘈越饫淼臏囟取?.材料從一種晶體狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N晶體的溫度。 |
| Translational joint | 平移鉸 |
A robot joint where the controlled variable is straight line movement. 控制變量為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)器人關(guān)節(jié)。 |
| Transmissibility | 傳遞率 |
The ratio of the transmitted force to the disturbing force for a system subjected to a vibratory disturbance. The ratio may also be defined in terms of displacements, velocities, or accelerations. 受到振動(dòng)干擾的系統(tǒng)的傳遞力與干擾力之比。該比率也可以用位移、速度或加速度來(lái)定義。 |
| Transmission | 傳輸 |
The system that transmits power and torque from a power source; for example a shaft, belts and pulleys, or a gear train. In the case of a motor vehicle, it includes the gearbox, clutch, propeller shaft, differential and final drive shafts. 從動(dòng)力源傳輸功率和扭矩的系統(tǒng)；例如軸、皮帶和滑輪或齒輪系。對(duì)于機(jī)動(dòng)車輛，包括變速箱、離合器、傳動(dòng)軸、差速器和終傳動(dòng)軸。 |
| Transmission dynamometer | 傳動(dòng)測(cè)功機(jī) |
A dynamometer in which the power transmitted by a shaft is obtained from the product of its rotation speed and the torque determined from measured shear strains along the shaft. 一種測(cè)功機(jī)，其中軸傳遞的功率由其轉(zhuǎn)速和扭矩的乘積獲得，扭矩由沿軸測(cè)得的剪切應(yīng)變確定。 |
| Transverse direction | 橫向 |
Literally, the “across” direction, usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the direction across the width is often called long transverse, and the direction through the thickness, short transverse. 從字面上看，“橫穿”方向，通常表示與工作方向垂直的方向或平面。在軋制鋼板或薄板中，橫跨寬度的方向通常稱為長(zhǎng)橫向，穿過(guò)厚度的方向稱為短橫向。 |
| Transverse strain | 橫向應(yīng)變 |
Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the loading axis of a specimen. 垂直于試樣加載軸的平面內(nèi)的線性應(yīng)變。 |
| Trepanning | 開(kāi)孔 |
Trepanning is a machining process for producing a circular hole or groove in solid stock, or for producing a disk, cylinder, or tube from solid stock, by the action of a tool containing one or more cutters (usually single-point) revolving around a center. 開(kāi)孔是一種機(jī)械加工工藝，通過(guò)包含一個(gè)或多個(gè)圍繞中心旋轉(zhuǎn)的刀具（通常為單點(diǎn)）的作用，在實(shí)心坯料中制造圓孔或凹槽，或從實(shí)心坯料生產(chǎn)圓盤、圓柱體或管。 |
| Tribology | 摩擦學(xué) |
The science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion. 與相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)中相互作用的表面有關(guān)的科學(xué)和技術(shù)。 |
| True strain | 真應(yīng)變 |
?(1) The ratio of the change in dimension, resulting from a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immediately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to axial force, the natural logarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the moment of observation to the original gage length. Also known as natural strain. Compare with engineering strain. （1）給定載荷增量導(dǎo)致的尺寸變化與施加載荷增量之前尺寸大小的比率。（2）在承受軸向力的物體中，觀察時(shí)刻標(biāo)距與原始標(biāo)距之比的自然對(duì)數(shù)。也稱為自然應(yīng)變。與工程應(yīng)變相比。 |
| True stress (σ) (Unit Pa) | 真應(yīng)力（σ）（單位Pa） |
The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it acts. Compare with engineering stress. The applied load on a test specimen divided by the current cross-section area over which it acts. σ = s expε where s is the engineering stress given by the applied load divided by the original cross-section area over which it acts, and ε is the true strain. 通過(guò)將給定時(shí)刻施加在構(gòu)件上的荷載除以其作用的橫截面積而獲得的值。與工程應(yīng)力相比。施加在試樣上的荷載除以其作用的當(dāng)前橫截面積。σ=s expε，其中s是由施加荷載除以其作用的原始橫截面面積得出的工程應(yīng)力，ε是真實(shí)應(yīng)變。 |
| Turbine | 渦輪 |
A turbomachine in which a rotor (turbine wheel) or impeller is caused to rotate and convert flow energy into shaft power or thrust. 轉(zhuǎn)子（渦輪）或葉輪旋轉(zhuǎn)并將流動(dòng)能量轉(zhuǎn)換為軸功率或推力的渦輪機(jī)。 |
| Turbine blades (turbine buckets) | 渦輪葉片 |
1. The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor and stator of a gas, steam or hydraulic turbine. 2. The cup-shaped vanes of a Pelton wheel. 1.形成燃?xì)?、蒸汽或水力渦輪機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子和定子的翼型葉片。2.沖擊輪的杯形葉片。 |
| Turbine flow meter | 渦輪流量計(jì) |
(axial flow meter, propeller meter) An in-line flow meter in which the rotation speed N of a propeller or rotor is a measure of the mass flowrate ?. Calibration is always necessary but with appropriate design ? is closely proportional to N over a wide range. （軸向流量計(jì)、螺旋槳流量計(jì)）一種串聯(lián)流量計(jì)，其中螺旋槳或轉(zhuǎn)子的轉(zhuǎn)速N是質(zhì)量流量的測(cè)量值?. 校準(zhǔn)總是必要的，但需要適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)?在很寬的范圍內(nèi)與N成正比。 |
| Turbine pump (turbopump) | 渦輪泵 |
An axial or centrifugal pump driven by a turbine. Typically used to supply fuel to the combustion chamber of a rocket engine such as on the space shuttle. 由渦輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的軸向或離心泵。通常用于向火箭發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)（如航天飛機(jī)）的燃燒室供應(yīng)燃料。 |
| Turbo generator | 渦輪發(fā)電機(jī) |
(turboset) The combination of a steam or gas turbine and an electrical generator with a single shaft or connected coaxial shafts. （汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)組）蒸汽或燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)與發(fā)電機(jī)的組合，具有單軸或連接的同軸。 |
| Turboblower | 渦輪鼓風(fēng)機(jī) |
A centrifugal or axial compressor or fan. 離心式或軸流式壓縮機(jī)或風(fēng)扇。 |
| Turbocharging | 渦輪增壓 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一種增壓方法，其中活塞發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的熱廢氣用于驅(qū)動(dòng)渦輪，渦輪為增壓壓縮機(jī)提供動(dòng)力。渦輪增壓器是渦輪/壓縮機(jī)組合。壓縮機(jī)通常為徑向流出設(shè)計(jì)，而徑向、軸向和混流式渦輪機(jī)都在使用。廢氣旁通閥是一種減少進(jìn)入渦輪的廢氣流量以限制產(chǎn)生的增壓或超速的閥。 |
| Turbomachine | 渦輪機(jī)械 |
(rotodynamic machine) A machine in which there is a transfer of energy between a continuous stream of fluid and a component, called a rotor, rotating about a fixed axis. Fans and turbines (gas, hydraulic, steam, or wind) are turbomachines in which energy is transferred to the rotor, causing it to rotate. Pumps and compressors are turbomachines in which energy is transferred from the externally driven rotor to the fluid. （旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)力機(jī)器）在連續(xù)的流體流和繞固定軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的部件（稱為轉(zhuǎn)子）之間進(jìn)行能量傳遞的機(jī)器。風(fēng)扇和渦輪機(jī)（燃?xì)?、液壓、蒸汽或風(fēng)力）是渦輪機(jī)械，其中能量傳遞到轉(zhuǎn)子，使其旋轉(zhuǎn)。泵和壓縮機(jī)是渦輪機(jī)械，其中能量從外部驅(qū)動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)子傳遞到流體。 |
| Turbomolecular pump | 渦輪分子泵 |
A high-vacuum (pressure down to about 10?8?Pa) pump in which momentum is transferred to the gas molecules by a rapidly rotating bladed disc. 高真空（壓力降至約10?8Pa）泵，其中動(dòng)量通過(guò)快速旋轉(zhuǎn)的葉片盤傳遞給氣體分子。 |
| Turbulent flow (turbulence) | 湍流 |
Fluid motion characterized by disorderly, rotational (i.e. vortical) three-dimensional velocity fluctuations covering a wide range of frequency and length scales. The pressure, temperature, and other fluid properties also fluctuate and the diffusion of heat, mass, and momentum is greatly enhanced. As are laminar and transitional flow, turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations which can in principle be solved by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in which all time and length scales of the fluctuating motion are resolved. 流體運(yùn)動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)是無(wú)序、旋轉(zhuǎn)（即旋渦）三維速度波動(dòng)，覆蓋廣泛的頻率和長(zhǎng)度尺度。壓力、溫度和其他流體特性也會(huì)波動(dòng)，熱、質(zhì)量和動(dòng)量的擴(kuò)散會(huì)大大增強(qiáng)。與層流和過(guò)渡流一樣，牛頓流體的湍流由Navier-Stokes方程控制，該方程原則上可以通過(guò)直接數(shù)值模擬（DNS）求解，在直接數(shù)值模擬中，波動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的所有時(shí)間和長(zhǎng)度尺度都可以求解。 |
| Turn-of-nut | 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)螺母 |
Sometimes used to describe the general rotation of the nut (or bolt head) as the fastener is tightened. More often used to define a particular tightening procedure in which a fastener is first tightened with a preselected torque, and is then tightened further by giving the nut an additional, measured, turn such as ‘‘three flats’’ (180°). 有時(shí)用于描述緊固件擰緊時(shí)螺母（或螺栓頭）的總體旋轉(zhuǎn)。更常用于定義一種特定的緊固程序，在該程序中，首先以預(yù)選扭矩?cái)Q緊緊固件，然后通過(guò)使螺母額外轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，如“三平面”（180°）進(jìn)一步擰緊。 |
| Turn-of-nut method | 螺母轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)法 |
It applies preload by turning a nut through an angle that corresponds to a given elongation. 它通過(guò)將螺母旋轉(zhuǎn)一個(gè)與給定伸長(zhǎng)率相對(duì)應(yīng)的角度來(lái)施加預(yù)載荷。 |
| Turning | 車削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 車削是一種機(jī)械加工過(guò)程，通常在車床上，通過(guò)刀具對(duì)旋轉(zhuǎn)工件的作用產(chǎn)生旋轉(zhuǎn)外表面。在車床中，工件靠著刀具旋轉(zhuǎn)，以生產(chǎn)具有圓形橫截面的部件。 |
| Turning angle (θ) | 轉(zhuǎn)向角（θ） |
The change in direction experienced by a gas flow passing through an oblique shock wave or Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. 氣流通過(guò)斜激波或Prandtl–Meyer膨脹風(fēng)機(jī)時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的方向變化。 |
| Turret lathe | 六角車床 |
A capstan lathe in which the capstan is driven mechanically or hydraulically to provide assigned tool paths to perform a specified sequence of operations in the repetitive production of parts. 一種絞盤車床，其中絞盤由機(jī)械或液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)，以提供指定的刀具路徑，在零件的重復(fù)生產(chǎn)中執(zhí)行指定的操作順序。 |
| Twist | 扭轉(zhuǎn) |
The helix produced in a cylindrical component, such as a shaft, wire, tensioned cable, or rope, when one end is rotated relative to the other. Measured either as the number of turns per unit length, or by the helix angle (twist angle). 當(dāng)一端相對(duì)于另一端旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，在圓柱形部件（如軸、鋼絲、張緊電纜或繩索）中產(chǎn)生的螺旋。以每單位長(zhǎng)度的圈數(shù)或螺旋角（扭曲角）測(cè)量。 |
| Twist drill | 麻花鉆 |
A hardened-steel drill bit having one or more helical flutes running from a conical tip to the smooth part of the shank. 一種淬火鋼鉆頭，具有一個(gè)或多個(gè)螺旋槽，從錐形尖端延伸到柄部的光滑部分。 |
| Two-dimensional flow | 二維流 |
A fluid flow in which the velocity at any time depends upon two spatial coordinates, such as the radial and axial locations in developing pipe flow. 一種流體流動(dòng)，其中任何時(shí)候的速度取決于兩個(gè)空間坐標(biāo)，如發(fā)展中的管道流中的徑向和軸向位置。 |
| Two-phase flow | 兩相流 |
A flow in which two phases are present, for example gas bubbles in a liquid, liquid bubbles in another liquid with which it is immiscible, solid particles in a liquid or gas. 兩相流動(dòng)，例如液體中的氣泡、與之不混溶的另一種液體中的液體氣泡、液體或氣體中的固體顆粒。 |
| Two-stage compressor | 兩級(jí)壓縮機(jī) |
A machine in which gas is compressed from low pressure toan intermediate pressure in a low-pressure cylinder, and then to final pressure in a highpressure cylinder. Efficiency is improved if the two cylinders are separated by an intercooler. 一種機(jī)器，其中氣體在低壓氣缸中從低壓壓縮到中壓，然后在高壓氣缸中壓縮到最終壓力。如果兩個(gè)氣缸由中冷器分離，則效率提高。 |
| Two-stroke engine | 二沖程發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) |
(two-cycle engine) A petrol or diesel engine in which an air/fuel charge is introduced through an induction port, compressed and burned, expanded and then exhausted through an exhaust port. The two ports in the cylinder wall are opened and closed by the piston. There are two strokes in each revolution of the crankshaft. In total-loss lubrication petrol engines, the lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel. （雙循環(huán)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)）一種汽油或柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，其中空氣/燃料通過(guò)進(jìn)氣口引入，壓縮和燃燒，膨脹，然后通過(guò)排氣口排出。氣缸壁上的兩個(gè)口由活塞打開(kāi)和關(guān)閉。曲軸每轉(zhuǎn)一圈有兩個(gè)沖程。在全失潤(rùn)滑汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，潤(rùn)滑油與燃油混合。 |
| Typical basis | 典型基礎(chǔ) |
The typical property value is an average value. No statistical assurance is associated with this basis. 典型的屬性值是平均值。沒(méi)有與此基礎(chǔ)相關(guān)的統(tǒng)計(jì)保證。 |
| Tyre | 輪胎 |
A flexible ring-shaped cover mounted on a wheel rim that supports the weight of a vehicle, such as a motor vehicle, aircraft, or bicycle, and transmits power and torque to a road surface. Some pneumatic tyres are inflated directly, others have a separate inner tube that is inflated. For certain applications, solid tyres are used. 車輪罩安裝在輪輞上的柔性環(huán)形罩，用于支撐車輛（如機(jī)動(dòng)車、飛機(jī)或自行車）的重量，并將動(dòng)力和扭矩傳遞到路面。有些充氣輪胎是直接充氣的，有些輪胎有單獨(dú)的內(nèi)胎充氣。對(duì)于某些應(yīng)用，使用實(shí)心輪胎。 |